stifle and the hip (ortho)

Question 1

what is the most common cause of hindlimb lameness

Answer 1

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Question 2

what are factors linked with CCL rupture

Answer 2

increased collagen metabolism
joint laxity
narrow intercondylar notches
sloping angle of tibial plateu
immune mediated

Question 3

what are the four surgical options for treatment of CCL rupture

Answer 3

1. tibial plateau levelling osteotomy
2. tibial tuberosity advancement
3. over the top technique
4. fabellotibial nylon suture

Question 4

what is seen in a dog with CCL rupture

Answer 4

lameness and toe touching
stifle effusion
medial buttress (an exaggerated bump extending across the medial aspect of the stifle joint)

Question 5

what is the treatment for meniscal injury
*click sound heard when walking

Answer 5

4-6wks rest
surgical removal if persist beyond this

Question 6

is patellar luxation usually medial or lateral

Answer 6

medial but lateral luxation does still occur

Question 7

how is the degree of luxation graded

Answer 7

grade 1: patella can be manipulated out of its place but returns to normal position spontaneously
grade 2:patella occasionally luxated but can be manipulated back into its place
grade 3:patella luxated most times but can be replaced
grade 4:patella luxated at all times and cannot be replaced

Question 8

what is osteochondrosis

Answer 8

his disorder is defined as a focal disturbance of endochondral ossification

Question 9

what is the disease progression of hip dysplasia

Answer 9

1. joint laxity due to poor soft tissue coverage
2. osteoarthritic change
3. pain as femoral head hits acetabular rim
4. signs subside due to bone remodelling
5. dogs are seen as a 1 yr old or older due to osteoarthritic changes secondary to hip dysplasia

Question 10

signs of hip dysplasia

Answer 10

bunny hopping
reluctance to excercise
pain upon flexio/extension
positive ortolani test

Question 11

how is hip dysplasia scored

Answer 11

between 0-1
<0.3 = no risk
>0.7 = hip dysplasia

Question 12

what are the surgical treatment options for hip dysplasia

Answer 12

juvenile pubic symphisiodesis (if <20wks old)
femoral head and neck excision
total hip replacement
triple pelvic osteomy

Question 13

what is legg-calve-perthes disease

Answer 13

a genetic disease of small dog breeds where ischaemia of the femoral head occurs leading to deformity and collapse. It is often seen in young dogs who require a femoral head and neck excision or a total hip replacement to treat

Question 14

what are the two possible directions of hip luxation

Answer 14

craniodorsal
caudoventral

Question 15

what usually causes a caudoventral luxation

Answer 15

splaying of legs

Question 16

what are the signs of craniodorsal luxation

Answer 16

1. internal rotation of limb
2. non weight bearing
3. greater trochanter higher than usual

Question 17

what are signs of caudoventral luxation

Answer 17

1. greater trochanter lower
2. pain
3. triangle larger on contralateral side

Question 18

what is the treatment for carpal hyperextension from traumatic origin

Answer 18

partial or complete carpal arthrodesis

Question 19

what should be placed to stabilise a limb that has been craniodorsally luxated

Answer 19

ehmer sling

Question 20

what should be placed to stabilise a caudoventral luxation

Answer 20

hobbles (basically handcuffs)

Question 21

what is seen in a dog with gastronemicus enthesopathy (achilles rupture/inflammation)

Answer 21

thickened achilles tendon
partial or complete plantigrade stance
toe crabbing