small animal urinary system

Question 1

what are the causes of acute renal injury

Answer 1

1. decreased renal bloodflow
2. toxins
3. intrinsic renal disease
4. systemic disease

Question 2

what is the difference between ckd, akd and aki

Answer 2

chronic kidney disease has been going on >90 days
acute kidney disease going on <90 days
acute kidney injury going on 1-7 days

Question 3

what is given to patients in order to increase urine output

Answer 3

furosemide

Question 4

why do individuals with kidney disease vomit and what do we give to prevent this

Answer 4

vomit due to toxin buildup
maropitant given as an anti emetic

Question 5

how is ckd staged

Answer 5

staged based on plasma creatinine concentration
stage 1=50-140
stage 2= 140-250
stage 3= 250-440
stage 4=440+

Question 6

what medicine should not be given to dogs with CKD

Answer 6

NSAIDS

Question 7

how to treat patient with uraemic crisis

Answer 7

hartmanns or 0.9% NaCl IV
reduce proteinuria with raas inhibition and low protein diet
combate dehydration
theraputic renal diets
supplument potassium
limit phosphate

Question 8

what renal disease do dog typically get and which do cats typically get

Answer 8

dog: glomerular diseas
cat: tubular nephropathies

(dog CKD tend to progress quicker as a result of this difference)

Question 9

what is the clinical signs of a glomerulopathy

Answer 9

severe proteinuria (>2)
hypertension of unknown origin
hopyalbuminaemia
hypercholestrolaemia

Question 10

treatment for glomerulopathies

Answer 10

inhibition of RAAS system with ACE inhibitors
immunosurpression if disease immune mediated
anti platelet/anti coagulant treatment
benazepril to treat hypertention (dogs) amlodipine (cats)

Question 11

what are patients with glomerular disease at high risk of

Answer 11

thromboembolism

Question 12

define feline idiopathic cystitis

Answer 12

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is the exclusionary diagnosis made once all the common or known causes of the clinical signs of abnormal urination have been eliminated

Question 13

what are the clinical signs of FIC

what age onset

Answer 13

straining to urinate
increased urine frequence
urinating in unusual places

young to middle aged cats

Question 14

treatment for FIC (long term and acute)

Answer 14

long term= environmental adjustments to reduce stress, analgesics, tri cyclic anti depressants

acute=buprenorphine or meloxicam

Question 15

urogenital tract are poorly visible on radiograph. there are three methods used to image the urogenital tract which are cytography, retrograde urethrogram and IV urogram.
which sections of the tract is each method best at imaging

Answer 15

cystography= bladder

retrograde urethrogram= urethra + bladder

iv urogram= kidneys + ureter

Question 16

what is seen on a radiograph of pyelectasia and hydronephrosis

Answer 16

dilation of renal pelvis. pyelectasia= moderate, hydronephrosis= severe