oncology Flashcards
what are the clinical staging of primary tumors
T0=no tumor
T1=<2cm diameter
T2=2-4cm in diameter
T3=>4cm diameter
what are the staging of metastatic disease in regional and local lymphnodes
N=no tumor
N1=movable ipsilateral node
N1A=node considered negative
N1B=node considered positive
N2=movable contralateral or bilateral nodes
N3=fixed nodes
M1=distant metastases present
which tumors spread heamatogenously
sarcomas, malignant melanomas
which tumors spread through the lymphatic system
mast cell tumors
carcinomas
malignant melanomas
*tumors spread and go to nearest node towards the centre of the body
what is a technique used to find which nodes the tumor has or will likley spread to
lymphangiography
inject contrast into tumor and see through which nodes it drains
what are some highly metastatic tumors
oral malignant melanomas
visceral and soft tissue haemangiosarcomas
high grade MCT
poorly differentiated canine mammary tumors
mammary carcinomas in cats
what is characteristic of masenchymal cells on histology
comet shaped cells
present in small numbers
what are epithelial tumors and how do they differ between dogs and cats
skin tumors that arise from adnexa, hair follicles or glands.
most in dogs are benign, most in cats are malignant
what is the recommended margin for benign masses
1cm lateral and 1 plane deep
what is the recommended margin for a carcinoma
1cm lateral and one deep intact vascial plane
what are the margins and depth for excision of low grade, high grade sarcomas
low grade=1cm and 1 deep intact vascial plane
high grade=2-3 lateral and one deep intact vascial plane
what are the margins for MCTS grade 1 2 and 3
grade 1/2=1-2cm lateral and one deep
grade 3=3cm lateral and one deep
how do you assess the success of a surgical margin
complete=no cells within 3-5mm of tumor margin
complete but narrow=tumor cells <3mm of margin or margin does not contain normal tissue beyond pseudocapsule
incomplete=tumor cells within edges of margins. monitor for recurrence
what is a tumors response to radiotherapy
(RRR)
Repopulation
seen in rapidly dividing tissues. cells are recruited from G0
Reoxygenation
changes in tumor vascularity
redistribution
surviving cells will be synchronised in their cycles. synchrony lost as redistribution occurs
what are the 5 stages of tumor cells
M=mitosis
G1= intermitotic interval
S= synthesis
G2=pre mitotic interval
G0=resting phase
what stages of tumor cells are most and least susceptible to treatment
M phase is most susceptible
S phase is most resistant
what are poorly radiosensitive tumors
fibrosarcoma
oral scc
osteosarcomas
what is the four types of chemotherapy
- primary chemotherapy
sole treatment for highly sensitive tumors - adjuvant chemotherapy
used to mop up any residual tumor - neoadjuvant chemotherapy
given prior to surgery to shrink and weaken tumor - concurrent chemotherapy
given simultaneously to radiotherapy to increase sensitivity
what is the minimum neutrophil count required for chemo
3x10^9/L
chemotherapy affects both healthy and tumor tissue. how is the normal tissue allowed to recover
healthy tissue has better capacity for repair than tumor. Therefore intervals between treatment spaced out so that healthy tissue has time to repair but tumor does not.
what drugs are involved in the CHOP protocol
cyclophosphamide
doxorubicin
vincristine
prednisone
what drugs are involved in the CEOP protocol
cyclophosphamide
epirubicin
vincristine
prednisone
what are feline lymphomas treated with
high dose COP
(cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone)w
what are osteosarcomas treated with
carboplatin
