oncology

Question 1

what are the clinical staging of primary tumors

Answer 1

T0=no tumor
T1=<2cm diameter
T2=2-4cm in diameter
T3=>4cm diameter

Question 2

what are the staging of metastatic disease in regional and local lymphnodes

Answer 2

N=no tumor
N1=movable ipsilateral node
N1A=node considered negative
N1B=node considered positive
N2=movable contralateral or bilateral nodes
N3=fixed nodes

M1=distant metastases present

Question 3

which tumors spread heamatogenously

Answer 3

sarcomas, malignant melanomas

Question 4

which tumors spread through the lymphatic system

Answer 4

mast cell tumors
carcinomas
malignant melanomas

*tumors spread and go to nearest node towards the centre of the body

Question 5

what is a technique used to find which nodes the tumor has or will likley spread to

Answer 5

lymphangiography
inject contrast into tumor and see through which nodes it drains

Question 6

what are some highly metastatic tumors

Answer 6

oral malignant melanomas
visceral and soft tissue haemangiosarcomas
high grade MCT
poorly differentiated canine mammary tumors
mammary carcinomas in cats

Question 7

what is characteristic of masenchymal cells on histology

Answer 7

comet shaped cells
present in small numbers

Question 8

what are epithelial tumors and how do they differ between dogs and cats

Answer 8

skin tumors that arise from adnexa, hair follicles or glands.
most in dogs are benign, most in cats are malignant

Question 9

what is the recommended margin for benign masses

Answer 9

1cm lateral and 1 plane deep

Question 10

what is the recommended margin for a carcinoma

Answer 10

1cm lateral and one deep intact vascial plane

Question 11

what are the margins and depth for excision of low grade, high grade sarcomas

Answer 11

low grade=1cm and 1 deep intact vascial plane
high grade=2-3 lateral and one deep intact vascial plane

Question 12

what are the margins for MCTS grade 1 2 and 3

Answer 12

grade 1/2=1-2cm lateral and one deep
grade 3=3cm lateral and one deep

Question 13

how do you assess the success of a surgical margin

Answer 13

complete=no cells within 3-5mm of tumor margin
complete but narrow=tumor cells <3mm of margin or margin does not contain normal tissue beyond pseudocapsule
incomplete=tumor cells within edges of margins. monitor for recurrence

Question 14

what is a tumors response to radiotherapy
(RRR)

Answer 14

Repopulation
seen in rapidly dividing tissues. cells are recruited from G0

Reoxygenation
changes in tumor vascularity

redistribution
surviving cells will be synchronised in their cycles. synchrony lost as redistribution occurs

Question 15

what are the 5 stages of tumor cells

Answer 15

M=mitosis
G1= intermitotic interval
S= synthesis
G2=pre mitotic interval
G0=resting phase

Question 16

what stages of tumor cells are most and least susceptible to treatment

Answer 16

M phase is most susceptible
S phase is most resistant

Question 17

what are poorly radiosensitive tumors

Answer 17

fibrosarcoma
oral scc
osteosarcomas

Question 18

what is the four types of chemotherapy

Answer 18

1. primary chemotherapy
   sole treatment for highly sensitive tumors
2. adjuvant chemotherapy
   used to mop up any residual tumor
3. neoadjuvant chemotherapy
   given prior to surgery to shrink and weaken tumor
4. concurrent chemotherapy
   given simultaneously to radiotherapy to increase sensitivity

Question 19

what is the minimum neutrophil count required for chemo

Answer 19

3x10^9/L

Question 20

chemotherapy affects both healthy and tumor tissue. how is the normal tissue allowed to recover

Answer 20

healthy tissue has better capacity for repair than tumor. Therefore intervals between treatment spaced out so that healthy tissue has time to repair but tumor does not.

Question 21

what drugs are involved in the CHOP protocol

Answer 21

cyclophosphamide
doxorubicin
vincristine
prednisone

Question 22

what drugs are involved in the CEOP protocol

Answer 22

cyclophosphamide
epirubicin
vincristine
prednisone

Question 23

what are feline lymphomas treated with

Answer 23

high dose COP
(cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone)w

Question 24

what are osteosarcomas treated with

Answer 24

carboplatin

Question 25

what are the three significant side effects of chemotherapy

Answer 25

BAG
bone marrow
alopecia
GI toxicity