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5th year small animals > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What breed is predisposed to myxomatous degenerative valve disease (MDVD)

A

cavalier king charles spaniel
middle aged small breeds generally
cause is idiopathic

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2
Q

what are the three main cardiac diseases affecting dogs

A
  1. MDVD
  2. DCM
  3. ARVC
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3
Q

describe MDVD

A

nodular thickening of the valves leaflets mostly affecting the mitral valve. The chordae become lengthened or ruptured

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4
Q

what is the gross pathology of MDVD

A

LA and LV dilation from chronic volume overload leading to eccentric hypertrophy.
Thickened leaflets

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5
Q

what are the staging of MDVD

A

A=at risk
B1=murmur, no enlargement
B2=murmur, enlargement
C1=CHF, hospitalised
C2=CHF, at home
D1=refractory, hospitalised
D2=refractory, at home

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6
Q

what are diagnostics used to investigate MDVD

A

blood pressure
bloods: NT-proBNP levels increased by atrial stretch
ECG: P mitrale, tall R waves
echocardiographyw

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7
Q

what is the treatment for MDVD

A

pimobendan if in stage B2
Furosemide for stages C and D

*Once in CHF lifespan usually <1 year

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8
Q

Define canine dilated cardiomyopathy

A

A primary myocardial disorder characterised by dilation of all 4 cardiac chambers and reduced contractility

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9
Q

what breeds are predisposed to DCM

A

dobermans, grate dane

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10
Q

what is the gross pathology of DCM

A

all chambers enlarged but left ventricle mostly dilated.
mitral/tricuspid annulus stretched and pulled apart

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11
Q

what are the consequences of dcm

A
  1. reduced cardiac output
  2. RAAS+sympathetic activation
  3. increase in HR and contractility
  4. increase in oxygen demand and wall stress
  5. myocardial cell death
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12
Q

what is the treatment for DCM

A

Pimobendan and ace inhibitor.
furosemide added once CHF is started

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13
Q

what causes DCM in cats

A

taurine deficiency

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14
Q

What are the diiferences between MDVD and DCM

A
  1. MDVD has significant mitral regurg, DCM has mild
  2. DCM has reduced systolic function, MDVD has normal
  3. MDVD left atrium more enlarged than left ventricle. DCM left ventricle more enlarged than left atrium
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15
Q

Described Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

progressive loss of myocytes with fibrofatty replacement

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16
Q

what breeds are predisposed to ARVC

A

Boxer breeds
disease also known as boxer cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

what is the pathology of ARVC

A

right ventricular dilation with wall thinning

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18
Q

what are the three presentations of ARVC

A
  1. asymptomatic with VPCs
  2. Symptomatic with VPCs
  3. structural changes to the heart with arrythmias
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19
Q

how is ARCV diagnosed

A

holter monitor for 24hrs to measure the amount of VPCs.

20
Q

clinical sign of ARVC

A

syncope with very fast HR (>400BPM)

21
Q

what is the treatment for ARVC

A

anti arrythmics. most commonly sotalol

22
Q

What is the main cardiac disease seen in cats and which breeds predisposed

A

hypertrophic cardiomypoathy
maine coons

23
Q

what can be found in the pre clinical stage of HCM

A

murmur
arrythmias or diastolic gallops
increase NT-proBNP and/or troponin on bloods

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of HCM

A

dyspnoea due to CHF
Syncope
Open mouth breathing
Feline arterial thromboembolism (end stage)

25
what is seen on echocardiography of HCM
marked concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle
26
what are the staging of HCM
A=predisposed B1=low risk, subclinical B2=subclinical with atrial enlargement C=CHF D=refractory CHF
27
what is the treatment for both asymptomatic and symptomatic HCM
asymptomatic: beta blockers, ace inhibitors, dilitiazem symptomatic: furosemide, ace inhibitors, venodilators
28
where does oxygenated blood go in a patient with PDA and what are the result of this
oxygenated blood goes from the aorta to the pulmonary artery This causes volume overload of the LA and LV continious murmur hear tall R wave and P mitrale on ecg
29
where is the murmur heard in a dog with aortic stenosis
harsh murmur heard with the severity correlating to grade of murmur.
30
what are the consequences of aortic stenosis
syncope, exercise intolerance, weak femoral pulse. pressure overload leads to concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle
31
treatment for aortic stenosis
no treatment do NOT give pimobendan
32
describe the murmur heard in a dog with pulmonic stenosis
holosystolic murmur over pulmonic valve
33
how does pulmonic stenosis appear on US
due to increased right ventricle pressure the septum is moved to the left. Therefore LV appears squashed
34
what is the treatment for pulmonic stenosis
balloon valuvoplasty or surgical dilation
35
what is unique about the murmur of a ventricular septal defect
murmur grade is inversley correlated to severity
36
what are the consequences of VSD
left to right shunt, RV overload, pulmonary over circulation, CHF. LA,LV,RV all enlarged on US
37
what are the seven congenital defects of the heart
1. VSD 2. Aortic stenosis 3. pulmonic stenosis 4. PDA 5. Mitral valve dysplasia 6. tricuspid valve dysplasia 7. vascular ring anomalies
38
what are the four components of the tetralogy of fallot
1. pulmonic stenosis 2. dextraposed aorta 3. VSD 4. Dextraposed aorta
39
what are the four organs mainly affected by hypertension
1. occular 2. heart 3. CNS 4. renal
40
what is the treatment for hypertension
amlodipine (Ca channel blocker) add ace inhibitor if significant proteinuria
41
what are virchows triad
blood stasis hyper-coaguable states damaged endothelium (required for arterial thromboembolisms)
42
what is a normal, prehypertensive, hypertensive and severee hypertensive BP
normal=<140mmHg prehypertensive=140-159mmHg hypertensive=160-179mmHg severe=>180mmHg
43
what is the normal amount of pericardial fluid present in ml/kg
0.25ml/kg
44
what are causes of pericardial effusion in dogs and cats
dog=idiopathic, neoplastic cat=CHF, FIP, infectious lymphoma
45
what are the three neoplasia associated with pericardial effusion
heamangiosarcoma mass associated with right atrium. rapid recurrence following pericardiocentesis. grave prognosis chemodectoma aortic body tumor. benign and slow growing, pericardioectomy to treat mesothelioma cellular level cancer, grave prognosis multicavitary effusion
46

5th year small animals (13 decks)

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