steryotypes Flashcards
aim of hamilton and gifford
Investigate formation of illusory correlations, specifically stereotypical ones
participants hamilton and gifford
40 american undergrads, 20 men 20 woman
procedure hamilton ad gifford
-They were shown statements about people in either group A or B.
- 26ppl = A 13 ppl = B
-Participants were told B was smaller
- Each statement was positive or negative and it was the same in each group
- Participants were then asked to rate members on a series of 20 traits
Given a statement and asked if the person who did it was A or B - Asked to rate how many statements were undesirable
- Half experienced booklet first, others it was rankings
results hamiton and gifford
-Group a was ranked higher for positive traits
-Participants recalled 74% positive traits for A and 54 for B
-Over estimation of negative in minority
Follow up study
- 70 american female undergraduates
Same as the study above but;
- Not told there were fewer in group b
- 4;9 pos;neg from the original 9;4
- This time group b was seen as more positive, wich they concluded by announcing b was smaller in study 1 they appeared to be the minority making them negative
conclusion hamilton and gifford
They argued this was because minority group was smaller in number, so their negativeness was more distinct and represented the group.
strengths hamilton and gifford
-Internal validity; as the groups were simply a and b so no pre-existing stereotypes were present
-Repeated measures and concurrent design of the IV, pos or neg statements means that conditions were run at once. This means that participant variance was eliminated
-Practical application; studies show doctors over remember poor habits in obese patients
weaknesses hamilton and gifford
Highly artificial, low ecological validity. There is significantly less context to the formation of stereotypes than there is in real life
aim of martin and haverson
To investigate the roles of gender schema on a child’s ability to recall information that was not consistent with their gender schema
participants of martin and halverson
- 48 children
- 24b/24g
- 5-6yrs
- Enrolled in local kindergartens
what type of study is martin and halverson
- experimental
- independent
- cross sample
procedure of martin and halverson
- Given a SERLI to assess gender stereotyping before the experiment
- Presented 16 pictures 1 at a time
- Shown images of kids in role with gender schemas (girl + doll ect) and not in line
- identify the sex; boy girl woman or man
- Didn’t know during the time they would have to remember the images
- 1 week later, they were asked to recall what they had seen using a probed recall technique
- Asked about 24 pictures, 8 unseen to check for response bias; just guessing or saying they saw it when they didn’t
- Asked: ‘do you remember seeing a picture of something doing (playing with dolls) in the picture i showed you last week?’
- remember boy, girl, man, woman or not sure
- Confidence 1-4
results martin and halvseron
- Female pics; consistent actions were remembered more
- Men pics; inconsistent acts were remembered more
- For inconsistent pictures; children were more likely to mess up their memory; eg if the girl was holding the hammer in the picture, they remembered it as a man
conclusion martin and halverson
Indicates that male stereotyping may be stronger
Stereotypes affect encoding and retrieval of information
strengths martin and halverson
- standardized can be replicated
- Controlled for response bias by having fake images and the levels of confidence
-Did not restrict them to answer boy girl they had 5 options
weaknesses martin and halverson
- Low ecological validity due to its highly artificial nature
- The responses found in the SERLI did not align with that of the distortion of memory of the images, therefore the operation os schema, questionable
- cross sectional is problematic as it doesnt asess the development of schema and effect on behavior
