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MAMS BCH > Steroid Hormones > Flashcards

Steroid Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 classes of steroid hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Progesterone
Androgens
Estrogen

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2
Q

Which classes make up the corticosteroids?

A

1) Glucocorticoids
2) Mineralocorticoids

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3
Q

Which classes make up the sex steroids?

A

1) Progesterone
2) Androgens
3) Estrogen

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4
Q

What is Addison’s Disease

A

Failure to make Aldosterone/Cortisol

Low levels of corticosteroids

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5
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome

A

Excess overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands

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6
Q

Glucocorticoid function and example

A

Cortisol
- guide conversion of sugar, fat, protein to usable energy
- inhibit swelling and inflammation
- suppress immune responses

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7
Q

Mineralocorticoids function and example

A

Aldosterone
- regulate inorganic molecules to maintain H2O
- retention of Na+, excretion of K+ and H+
- retention of H2O leads to an increase in BV and BP
- release regulated by sensors in kidney

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8
Q

Androgens function and example

A

Testosterone
- development of sex organs
- converted to DHT in target tissues
- increases 30x in puberty

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9
Q

Progesterone

A
  • prepares endometrium for implantation
  • inhibits development of a new follicle
  • mammary gland development
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10
Q

StAR Complex

A

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
- Moves cholesterol into the mitochondria for synthesis
- Fatal if non-functional

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11
Q

When does cortisol synthesis occur

A

Occurs in the adrenal cortex following ACTH release by the pituitary gland

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12
Q

Which steps of cortisol synthesis occur in the mitochondria?

A

Cholesterol > Pregnenolone ….> Cortisol

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13
Q

Cortisol synthesis intermediates

A

Cholesterol > Pregnenolone > Progesterone > 17-⍺-Hydroxyprogesterone > 11-Deoxycortisol > Cortisol

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14
Q

Cortisol synthesis intermediates

A

20⍺-22 Desmolase
3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
17⍺-Hydroxylase
21⍺-Hydroxylase
11ß-Hydroxylase

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15
Q

Which step converts NADPH and O2 to NADP

A

11ß-Hydroxylase converting 11-Deoxycortisol to Cortisol

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16
Q

Where does Aldosterone synthesis occur?

A

Adrenal Cortex

17
Q

Aldosterone synthesis intermediates

A

Cholesterol
Pregnenolone
Progesterone
11-deoxycortisone
Corticosterone
Aldosterone

18
Q

Aldosterone synthesis enzymes

A

20⍺-22 Desmolase
3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
21⍺-Hydroxylase
11ß-Hydroxylase
Aldosterone Synthase

19
Q

When is the ∆5 pathway of testosterone synthesis present as opposed to ∆4?

A

∆5 is dominant in humans, but ∆4 is still active (hamsters)

20
Q

Testosterone ∆5 pathway intermediates

A

Cholesterol
Pregnenolone
17⍺-Hydroxypregnenolone
DHEA
Androstenedione
Testosterone
Estradiol (Estrone)

21
Q

Testosterone ∆4 pathway intermediates

A

Cholesterol
Pregnenolone
Progesterone
17⍺-Hydroxyprogesterone
Androstenedione
Testosterone
Estradiol (Estrone)

22
Q

Testosterone ∆5 pathway enzymes

A

20⍺-22 Amylase
17⍺-hydroxylase
17⍺-hydroxylase
3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
17ß-hydroxysteroid DH
Aromatase

23
Q

Testosterone ∆4 pathway Enzymes

A

20⍺-22 Amylase
3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
17⍺-hydroxylase
17⍺-hydroxylase
17ß-hydroxysteroid DH
Aromatase

24
Q

Finasteride mechanism of action

A

Inhibition of 5⍺-reductase which prevents the conversion of testosterone to the more active DHT

25
Q

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

Mutations in adrenal glands that prevents the synthesis of hormones and development of gonads

26
Q

CAH mutations

A

3ß-hydroxysteroid DH
17⍺-hydroxylase
21⍺-hydroxylase
11ß-hydroxylase

27
Q

Estrogen effect on disease

A
  • increased exposure linked to some cancers
  • low levels lead to osteoporosis
28
Q

Testosterone effect on disease

A
  • increased exposure linked to CV disease and CaP
  • low levels: ED, more fat, insulin insensitivity, elevated TG, low HDL
29
Q

Can steroid hormones pass through membranes?

A

Yes, they are lipid soluble

30
Q

Corticosteroid Binding Globulin

A

Complexes with Cortisol to carry it through the blood

31
Q

Sex Steroid Binding Globulin

A

Complexes with Testosterone and Estradiol to bring it through the blood

32
Q

Estrogen Receptor mechanism

A

Estrogen enters cytosol and binds to ER, displacing a HSP

ER then travels to nucleus and binds to ERE and other co-activators to enhance transcription

33
Q

Tamoxifen mechanism of action

A

Prevents ER from binding to coactivators by preventing conformational change

This then prevents transcription ie cancer

(only helps if the cancer is hormone-responsive)
- can also increase risk of uterine cancer bc coactivators can still bind even w/o conformational change

34
Q
A

MAMS BCH (19 decks)

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