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MAMS BCH > All enzymes > Flashcards

All enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

A

Turns alcohol into acetaldehyde which was produced from Pyruvate, reducing NADH to NAD+

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2
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate to Lactate and NADH to NAD

Reversible (see CORI cycle)

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3
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

A

Glucose -> Glucose-6P and ATP->ADP

Irreversible

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4
Q

Phosphoglucose isomerase

A

Glucose 6P <-> Fructose 6P

Reversible

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5
Q

PFK1

A

F6P to F1,6BP and ATP to ADP

Irreversible

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6
Q

Aldolase

A

F1,6BP <-> DHAP and Glyceraldhyde 3P

Reversible

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7
Q

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

A

DHAP <-> Glyceraldehyde-3P

Reversible

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8
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-P DH

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P <-> 1,3BPG and NAD+Pi to NADH

Reversible

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9
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase

A

1,3BPG <-> 3-P-Glycerate and ADP to ATP

Reversible

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10
Q

Phosphoglycerate mutase

A

3-P-Glycerate <-> 2-P-Glycerate

Reversible

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11
Q

Enolase

A

2-P-Glycerate <-> PEP

Reversible

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12
Q

Pyruvate Kinase

A

PEP to Pyruvate and ADP to ATP

Irreversible

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13
Q

PFK2/F2,6BPase

A

Phosphorylates/Dephosphorylates F6P to F2,6BP

Uses ATP for phosphorylation

Reversible

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14
Q

PKM2

A

fetal form of pyruvate kinase and present in some cancer cells

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15
Q

Fructokinase

A

Fructose to Fructose-1P and ATP to ADP

Irreversible

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16
Q

Aldolase B

A

Fructose-1P to Glyceraldhyde and DHAP

Reversible

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17
Q

Triose Kinase

A

Glyceraldehyde to Glyceraldehyde-3P and ATP to ADP

Irreversible

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18
Q

Galactokinase

A

Galactose to Galactose 1-P and ATP to ADP

Reversible

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19
Q

Galactose 1P uridyl transferase

A

Galactose 1-P + UDP Glucose -> UDP-Galactose + Glucose-1P

Reversible

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20
Q

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase

A

UDP-Galactose to UDP-Glucose

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21
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylase (aka PDH)

A

E1

Pyruvate + TPP -> Hydroxyethyl:TPP + Co2 -> Acetyl-lipoic acid

Bound cofactor: TPP

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22
Q

Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase

A

E2

Acetyl-lipoic acid +CoA -> Acetyl-CoA+ Dihydrolipoic acid

Bound cofactor: Lipoid acid

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23
Q

Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase

A

E3

FAD + Dihydrolipoic acid -> FADH2 + Lipoid acid

NAD + FADH2 -> NADH + FAD

Bound cofactor: FAD

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24
Q

PDHC Phosphatase

A

PDHC-P to PDHC loss of Pi
Inactive to Active

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25
Q

PDHC Kinase

A

PDHC to PDHC-P and ATP to ADP
Active to Inactive

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26
Q

Aconitase

A

Citrate to cis-Aconitate to Isocitrate
H2O out then H2O in

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27
Q

Isocitrate DH

A

Isocitrate to ⍺-Ketoglutarate and NAD to NADH + CO2

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28
Q

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

A

Succinyl-Coa to Succinate and GDP to GTP

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29
Q

⍺-Ketoglutarate DH

A

⍺-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA
NAD + CoA -> NADH +Co2

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30
Q

Succinate DH

A

Succinate to Fumarate and FAD to FADH2

Also Complex II, transfers electrons to CoQ

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31
Q

Fumarase

A

H2O + Fumarate -> Malate

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32
Q

Malate DH

A

Malate to Oxaloacetate and NAD to NADH

Malate-Aspartate shuttle

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33
Q

Citrate Synthase

A

Acetyl CoA + OAA -> Citrate + CoA

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34
Q

NADH-Q Reductase

A

Complex I, catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, giving electrons to FMN and then to Fe-S, then to CoQ

Pumps 4 H+ across the inner membrane

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35
Q

QH2-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome bc1

A

Complex III, takes electrons from CoQ and transfers them to cyctochrome c

Pumps 4 H+ across the inner membrane

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36
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Uses H+ gradient to pump 10 protons back into the matrix, producing 3 ATP

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37
Q

Cytochrome oxidase, a+a3

produces what?

A

Complex IV, takes electrons from cyt c, transfers them to O2 to produce H2O

Pumps 2 H+ across the inner membrane

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38
Q

Glycerol-3-P DH

A

Takes G3P from outside the cell and turns it into DHAP, reducing FAD into FADH2 to bring electrons to CoQ

DHAP is then transported out of the cell, turned back into G3P via oxidation of NADH to NAD

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39
Q

acyl-CoA DH

A

Converts Fatty acyl CoA to trans-2-enoyl CoA, reducing FAD to FADH2

FADH2 then can transfer its electrons to CoQ in the ETC

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40
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase

A

Catalyzes the combination of OAA and Glutamate to ⍺KG and Aspartate and the reverse of this reaction

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41
Q

Adenine nucleotide translocase

A

Drives produced ATP into the cytosol and brings ADP into the matrix

Driven by charge difference generated by ATP Synthase, where ATP is more negative, so it is attracted to the positive charge on the outside of the mitochondria

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42
Q

Pyruvate Carboxylase

A

Catalyzes the conversion Pyruvate to OAA using CO2 and ATP, producing ADP and Pi

Irreversible

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43
Q

PEPCK

A

Catalyzes the conversion of OAA to PEP using GTP, producing CO2 and GDP

Irreversible

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44
Q

F1,6BPase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of F1,6BP to F1P using H2O and producing Pi

Irreversible

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45
Q

G6Phosphatase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of G6P to Glucose, using H2O and producing Pi

Irreversible

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46
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of Pyruvate to Alanine using Glutamate and producing ⍺KG in the liver and the opposite in the muscle (alanine cycle)

Reversible

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47
Q

Phosphoglucomutase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of G6P to G1P

Reversible

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48
Q

UDP-glucose phosphorylase

A

Uses UTP to convert G1P to UDP-Glucose, loss of PPi

Irreversible

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49
Q

Glycogen synthase

A

Removes UDP and adds glucose onto existing glycogen(n) to create glycogen(n+1)

a is active form

Irreversible

50
Q

Branching enzyme

A

Facilitates the branching of glycogen 1-4 to 1-6

51
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Phosphorylates Glycogen to G1P

a is active form

Irreversible

52
Q

Transferase (aka Debranching enzyme)

A

Moves the branch to the main strand

53
Q

⍺1,6-glucosidase

A

Uses H20 to remove final glucose remnant from branching point

54
Q

Phosphorylase b kinase

A

Phosphorylates phosphorylase b, converting it from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a

55
Q

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

A

Conversion of cAMP to AMP

56
Q

Phosphoprotein phosphatase

A

Dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, phosphorylase and kinase b

Activated by Insulin

57
Q

G6P DH

A

Converts Glucose-6P to 6-Phosphogluconolactone and reduces NADP to NADPH

58
Q

Lactonase

A

Converts 6-Phosphogluconolactone to 6-Phosphogluconate

59
Q

6-Phosphogluconate DH

A

Converts 6-Phosphogluconate to Ribulose-5P and NADP to NADPH

60
Q

Phosphopentose Epimerase

A

Converts Ribose-5P into Xylulose-5P

Reversible

61
Q

Transketolase

A

Xylulose-5P + Ribose-5P <-> Glyceraldehyde-3P + Sedoheptulose-7P

Erythrose-4P + Xylulose-5P <-> Fructose-6P + Glyceraldehyde-3P

62
Q

Transaldolase

A

Glyceraldehyde-3P + Sedoheptulose-7P <-> Fructose-6P + Erythrose-4P

63
Q

Branched Chain Aminotransferase

A

Catalyzes synthesis and degradation of BCAA’s

Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Alanine

64
Q

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

A

Converts Glutamate to NH3 and ⍺KG via the reduction of NADP to NADPH

65
Q

Serine Dehydratase

A

Converts Serine to Pyruvate and NH3

66
Q

Threonine Dehydratase

A

Converts Threonine to ⍺-ketobutyrate and NH3

67
Q

Glutamine Synthetase

A

Creates Glutamine using Glutamate, NH3 and ATP

68
Q

Glutaminase

A

Converts Glutamine to Glutamate and NH3

69
Q

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase-1

A

Converts NH3 + CO2 + 2ATP + H2O into Carbamoyl-P

70
Q

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase

A

Combines Ornithine and CP to create Citrulline

71
Q

Arginiosuccinate Synthetase

A

Combines Citrulline and Aspartate and ATP to create Arginiosuccinate and AMP

72
Q

Arginiosuccinase

A

Splits Arginiosuccinate into Arginine and Fumarate

73
Q

Arginase

A

Splits Arginine into Ornithine and Urea

74
Q

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

A

Responsible for the conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine

Deficiency leads to PKU

75
Q

Tyrosinase

A

Converts Tyrosine to Melanin

Deficiency leads to Albinism

76
Q

Homogentisate Oxidase

A

Metabolizes Homogentisic acid

Deficiency leads to Alkaptonuria

77
Q

ATGL

A

Adipose Triglyceride Lipase

Catalyzes the conversion of TG to DAG

78
Q

HSL

A

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

Converts DAG to MAG

79
Q

MAG Lipase

A

Converts MAG to glycerol

80
Q

Acyl-CoA Synthetase

A

Activation of FA’s for breakdown by attachment of CoA using ATP to AMP + PPi

81
Q

CPT-1

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-1 (aka carnitine acyltransferase)

Attaches Carnitine to Fatty acyl-CoA for transport across IMM

82
Q

Translocase

A

Moves Fatty-acyl-carnitine into matrix and carnitine out

83
Q

CPT-2

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-2 (aka carnitine acyltransferase)

Removes Carnitine and reattaches CoA to FA’s

84
Q

Acyl-CoA DH

A

Turns Acyl-CoA into trans-2-enoyl-CoA via reduction of FAD

The deficiency in MCAD

85
Q

Enoyl-CoA Hydratase

A

Converts trans-2-enoyl-CoA into L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA via addition of H2O

86
Q

L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA DH

A

Converts L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA into 3-ketoacyl-CoA via reduction of NAD

87
Q

ß-ketothiolase

A

3-ketoacyl-CoA to Acyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA via addition of CoA

88
Q

Thiolase

A

Combines 2x Acetyl CoA to create Acetoacetyl-CoA

Loss of one CoA

89
Q

HMG CoA Synthase

A

Addition of another Acetyl-CoA to produce HMG CoA

90
Q

HMG-CoA Lyase

A

Removes Acetyl-CoA to create AcetoAcetate

91
Q

Ketone body DH

A

Converts acetoacetate to D-3-hydroxybutyrate

Reversible

92
Q

Transferase

A

Conversion of Acetoacetate to Acetoacetyl-CoA via conversion of Succiny-CoA to Succinate

93
Q

Thiolase

A

Conversion of Acetoacetyl-CoA to two Acetyl-CoA

94
Q

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

Converts Acetyl-CoA into Malonyl-CoA

95
Q

Fatty Acid Synthase

A

Complex that consists of
Dehydratase
Reductase
Synthase
Transacylase
Thioesterase

96
Q

FAS Pattern

A

Condensation (-CO2)
Reduction (NADPH)
Dehydration
Reduction (NADPH

97
Q

ATP-Citrate Lyase

A

Conversion of Citrate to Acetyl-CoA and OAA, uses ATP

Citrate-Pyruvate shuttle

98
Q

Malic enzyme

A

Conversion of Malate to Pyruvate and loss of NADPH

Citrate-Pyruvate shuttle

99
Q

GPAT

A

Glycerol-P-acyltransferase

Converts G3P to Lysophosphatidic acid

100
Q

AGPAT

A

Acylglycerol-P-acyltransferase

Lysophosphatidic acid to Phosphatidic acid

101
Q

PAP

A

Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase

Converts Phosphatidic acid to DAG

102
Q

DGAT

A

Converts DAG to TAG

103
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Converts dietary TAG to 2MAG + FA

104
Q

Phospholipase A1

A

Cleaves distal side of O on C1, opposite to Phosphate group

105
Q

Phospholipase A2

A

Cleaves distal side of O on C2

106
Q

Phospholipase C

A

Cleaves proximal side of Phosphate

107
Q

Phospholipase D

A

Cleaves distal side of phosphate

108
Q

HMG-CoA Reductase

A

Converts HMG-CoA to Mevalonate and using 2 NADPH

109
Q

ACAT

A

Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase

Esterification of Cholesterol with FA INSIDE cells

110
Q

Colipase

A

Helps Pancreatic Lipase digest TAG

111
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase

A

In endothelial lining, removes TAG from lipoproteins

112
Q

LCAT

A

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase

Esterifies cholesterol in the plasma

113
Q

20⍺-22 Desmolase

A

Converts Cholesterol into Pregnenolone

114
Q

3ß-hydroxysteroid DH

A

Converts Pregnenolone into Progesterone and DHEA into Androstenedione

115
Q

17⍺-hydroxylase

A

Progesterone into 17⍺-hydroxyprogesterone

Pregnenolone in 17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone

17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone into DHEA

17⍺-hydroxypregnenolone into Androstenedione

116
Q

Aldosterone Synthase

A

Converts Corticosterone into Aldosterone

117
Q

11ß-hydroxylase

A

Converts 11ß-deoxycorticosterone into corticosterone

118
Q

21⍺-hydroxylase

A

converts progesterone into 11ß-deoxycorticosterone

119
Q

17ß-hydroxysteroid DH

A

Conversion of Androstenedione into Testosterone

120
Q

Aromatase

A

Conversation of Androstenedione into Estrone

Testosterone into Estradiol

MAMS BCH (20 decks)

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