Sternum, Ribs, Hyoid and Vertebral Column

Question 1

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 1

7

Question 2

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 2

12

Question 3

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 3

5 (varies from 4-6)

Question 4

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

Answer 4

5 (varies)

Question 5

how many vertebrae compose the coccyx?

Answer 5

3-5 (varies)

Question 6

what shape is the primary/kyphotic curvature and which vertebral regions are this shape?

Answer 6

concave

thoracic and sacrum/coccyx

Question 7

what shape is the secondary/lordotoic curvature and which vertebral regions are this shape?

Answer 7

convex

cervical and lumbar

Question 8

what are the significant features used to define C1/atlas?

Answer 8

no body or spinous process

articular facets on the anterior half, for articulation with the skull superiorly and the dens of C2 inferiorly

Question 9

what is the significant feature of C2/axis and how can this feature be used to side the vertebrae?

Answer 9

the odontoid process (the dens)

can be used to side as it is on the anterior half of the vertebrae

Question 10

what features distinguish C3-6 from other vertebrae?

Answer 10

small, saddle shaped bodies
large vertebral foramen
transverse foramina (for vertebral arteries)
bifid spinous processes

Question 11

what distinguishes C7 from other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 11

transitional vertebrae

prominent spinous processes

Question 12

what features distinguish T1 from the other thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 12

whole costal facet superiorly
costal demifacet inferiorly
thoracic vertebrae that looks most like the cervical vertebrae

Question 13

what features distinguish T2-9 from other vertebrae?

Answer 13

upper bodies are more triangular, lower bodies are rounder
superior and inferior demifacets (articulate with rib heads)
transverse processes have articular facets (articulate with rib tubercles)

Question 14

what distinguishes T10 from T2-9?

Answer 14

complete superiorly placed costal facet
no inferior costal demifacet
costal facets present on transverse processes

Question 15

what distinguishes T11 from T2-9 and T10?

Answer 15

from T2-9:

• complete superiorly placed costal facet
• no inferior costal demifacet

from T2-9 + 10:
- no costal facets on transverse processes

Question 16

what distinguishes T12 from T2-9, T10 and T11?

Answer 16

from T2-9:

• complete superiorly placed costal facet
• no inferior costal demifacet

from T2-9 +10:
- no costal facets on transverse process

from T11
- inferior articular facets face anterolaterally (rather than anteriorly)

Question 17

what features are common to all thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 17

spinous processes point inferiorly

inferior surface of the body is larger than the superior surface

Question 18

what features distinguish lumbar vertebrae (L1-5) from other vertebrae?

Answer 18

large bodies
no costal facets/demifacets
small vertebral foramen
vertically oriented spinous processes
smaller and thinner transverse processes (than thoracic)
superior articular facets possess the mammilary process (for attachment of multifidus)

Question 19

what does the sacrum articulate?

Answer 19

L5 (via superior articular facet)

coccyx (via facet for the coccyx)

Question 20

what fuses to form the alae of the sacrum?

Answer 20

transverse processes

Question 21

what does the promontory articulate with to form?

Answer 21

L5, to form the sacrovertebral angle

Question 22

what fuses to form the median sacral crest?

Answer 22

spinous processes

Question 23

what fuses to form the intermediate sacral crests?

Answer 23

articular facets

Question 24

what fuses to form the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 24

transverse procsses

Question 25

what surface of the sacrum are the median, intermediate and lateral sacral crest on?

Answer 25

posterior surface lateral sacral crest is on the posterior side of the alae, intermediate crest are closer to the midline (as they originate from the body rather than the transverse processes), median crest is on the midline

Question 26

what feature of the coccyx articualtes with the sacrum?

Answer 26

the superior coccygeal body and the cornu

Question 27

what is the function of the superior cornua of the coccyx?

Answer 27

attachment to the sacrum

Question 28

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run?

Answer 28

from occipital to sacrum, along the anterior surface of the bodies

Question 29

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run?

Answer 29

from axis to sacrum, aong the posterior aspect o the vertebral bodies (i.e. down the body side of the vertebral foramen)

Question 30

where are the interspinal (spinous) ligaments and what is its function?

Answer 30

between each spinous process | holds the spinous processes together

Question 31

where is the supraspinal (spinous) ligament?

Answer 31

attaches to distal end of each spinous process, running the whole way down

Question 32

where is the ligamentum flavum found?

Answer 32

between the laminae of adjacent vetebrae

Question 33

where do the intertransverse ligaments run?

Answer 33

between each transverse process

Question 34

where are the facet capsule ligaments and where are they found?

Answer 34

fibrous capsule surrounding the zygapophyseal joint (joint between inferior articular facet and the superior articular facet of the vertebrae beneath)

Question 35

what are the three parts that compose the adult sternum?

Answer 35

manubrium mesosternum/body/corpus stemi xiphoid process

Question 36

what side of the sternum (anterior/posterior) is convex and which is concave?

Answer 36

convex: anterior concave: posterior

Question 37

what does the sternum articulate with?

Answer 37

clavicle (via clavicular notches) | ribs (via costal notches)

Question 38

where is the jugular notch and what does it allow passage of?

Answer 38

site between the claviuclar notches on the sternum | transmits jugular vein

Question 39

what forms the sternal angle?

Answer 39

articulation of the manubrium and mesosternum

Question 40

which ribs have articular facets on the manubrium and which on the mesosternum?

Answer 40

1st = manubrium | 2nd - 7th = mesosternum

Question 41

what are the costal notches of the sternum?

Answer 41

bony projections between the articular facets

Question 42

what are the non-metric traits of the sternum?

Answer 42

sternal and xiphoid foramen synostosis (matrical and sclerotic) bifid/trifid xiphoid process

Question 43

what are matrical and sclerotic synostosis?

Answer 43

fusion of the manubrium and mesosternum | matrical - in early life, sclerotic - in late adult life

Question 44

what are the developmental abnormalities associated with the sternum?

Answer 44

``` pectus excavatum (caving of the chest wall) pectus carinatum (protruding sternum) ```

Question 45

how many pairs of ribs are there?

Answer 45

12 | 1-7 = true (via costal cartilages); 8-10 = false (via costal margin); 11+12 = floating

Question 46

what do the ribs articulate with?

Answer 46

body of vertebrae (via rib head into the costal facets/demifacets) transverse processes of vertebrae (rib tuberosity into the costal facets of TP) sternum (sternal end into articular facets)

Question 47

what features distinguish rib 1 from the other ribs?

Answer 47

rough superior surface with grooves for subclavian vessels scalene tubercle (for attachment of scalenus anterior) oriented in transverse plane no angle singel whole articuar facet on head (only articulates with T1)

Question 48

what features distinguish rib 2 from the other ribs?

Answer 48

starts to deviate inferiorly | ridge for scalaneus posterior

Question 49

what distinguishes rib 11 from the other ribs?

Answer 49

single articular facet on head lacks tubercle slight angle shallow costal groove

Question 50

what distinguishes rib 12 from the other ribs?

Answer 50

``` single articular facet on the head lacks tubercle shallow costal groove no angle shaft tapers to a point ```

Question 51

where is scalenus anterior found and what is its function?

Answer 51

vertebrae and transverse processes C3-6 -> rib 1 | raises rib 1, flexes and rotates neck

Question 52

where is scalenus posterior found and what is its function?

Answer 52

vertebrae and trasnverse proccesses C5-7 -> rib 2 | raises rib 2, flexes and rotates neck

Question 53

what are the non-metric traits associated with the ribs?

Answer 53

cervical and lumbar ribs - attach to cervical/lumbar vertebrae bifid ribs - split sternal end (so articulate at two sites on the sternum)

Question 54

how can you differentiate rib 10 from the other ribs?

Answer 54

when placed on a horizontal surface with the inferior border facing downwards the head is in direct contact with the surface only has one articular facet on the head (so different to ribs 2-9)

Question 55

what ribs form the costal margin?

Answer 55

ribs 7/8 - 10

Question 56

which ribs articulate with the sternum via synovial joints?

Answer 56

ribs 1-6/7

Question 57

what are the costosternal joints between?

Answer 57

costal cartilages and the sternum

Question 58

what are the costochondral joints between?

Answer 58

the sternal end of the rib and its costal cartilage

Question 59

what is manubriosternal synostosis?

Answer 59

fusion of manubrium and sternal body

Question 60

what are the landmarks on the hyoid?

Answer 60

body | 2 pairs of horns (cornua) - lesser and greater, that fuse in adulthood

Question 61

what vertebral level does the hyoid sit at?

Answer 61

C4-5

Question 62

what muscles attach to the anteiror inferior body of the hyoid?

Answer 62

digastricus stylohyoid mylohyoid

Question 63

where does digastricus run and what is its function?

Answer 63

Anterior belly: temporal bone (mastoid notch), Posterior belly: inner inferior border of mandible (digastric fossa) -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid movement of the jaw

Question 64

where does stylohyoid attach and what is its function?

Answer 64

styloid process of temporal bone -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid elevation of tongue

Question 65

where does mylohyoid attach and what is its function?

Answer 65

mylohyoid line of mandible -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid raises the floor of mouth of tongue