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Forensic Osteology > Sternum, Ribs, Hyoid and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Sternum, Ribs, Hyoid and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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2
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5 (varies from 4-6)

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4
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 (varies)

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5
Q

how many vertebrae compose the coccyx?

A

3-5 (varies)

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6
Q

what shape is the primary/kyphotic curvature and which vertebral regions are this shape?

A

concave

thoracic and sacrum/coccyx

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7
Q

what shape is the secondary/lordotoic curvature and which vertebral regions are this shape?

A

convex

cervical and lumbar

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8
Q

what are the significant features used to define C1/atlas?

A

no body or spinous process

articular facets on the anterior half, for articulation with the skull superiorly and the dens of C2 inferiorly

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9
Q

what is the significant feature of C2/axis and how can this feature be used to side the vertebrae?

A

the odontoid process (the dens)

can be used to side as it is on the anterior half of the vertebrae

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10
Q

what features distinguish C3-6 from other vertebrae?

A

small, saddle shaped bodies
large vertebral foramen
transverse foramina (for vertebral arteries)
bifid spinous processes

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11
Q

what distinguishes C7 from other cervical vertebrae?

A

transitional vertebrae

prominent spinous processes

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12
Q

what features distinguish T1 from the other thoracic vertebrae?

A

whole costal facet superiorly
costal demifacet inferiorly
thoracic vertebrae that looks most like the cervical vertebrae

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13
Q

what features distinguish T2-9 from other vertebrae?

A

upper bodies are more triangular, lower bodies are rounder
superior and inferior demifacets (articulate with rib heads)
transverse processes have articular facets (articulate with rib tubercles)

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14
Q

what distinguishes T10 from T2-9?

A

complete superiorly placed costal facet
no inferior costal demifacet
costal facets present on transverse processes

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15
Q

what distinguishes T11 from T2-9 and T10?

A

from T2-9:

  • complete superiorly placed costal facet
  • no inferior costal demifacet

from T2-9 + 10:
- no costal facets on transverse processes

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16
Q

what distinguishes T12 from T2-9, T10 and T11?

A

from T2-9:

  • complete superiorly placed costal facet
  • no inferior costal demifacet

from T2-9 +10:
- no costal facets on transverse process

from T11
- inferior articular facets face anterolaterally (rather than anteriorly)

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17
Q

what features are common to all thoracic vertebrae?

A

spinous processes point inferiorly

inferior surface of the body is larger than the superior surface

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18
Q

what features distinguish lumbar vertebrae (L1-5) from other vertebrae?

A

large bodies
no costal facets/demifacets
small vertebral foramen
vertically oriented spinous processes
smaller and thinner transverse processes (than thoracic)
superior articular facets possess the mammilary process (for attachment of multifidus)

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19
Q

what does the sacrum articulate?

A

L5 (via superior articular facet)

coccyx (via facet for the coccyx)

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20
Q

what fuses to form the alae of the sacrum?

A

transverse processes

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21
Q

what does the promontory articulate with to form?

A

L5, to form the sacrovertebral angle

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22
Q

what fuses to form the median sacral crest?

A

spinous processes

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23
Q

what fuses to form the intermediate sacral crests?

A

articular facets

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24
Q

what fuses to form the lateral sacral crest?

A

transverse procsses

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25
Q

what surface of the sacrum are the median, intermediate and lateral sacral crest on?

A

posterior surface
lateral sacral crest is on the posterior side of the alae, intermediate crest are closer to the midline (as they originate from the body rather than the transverse processes), median crest is on the midline

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26
Q

what feature of the coccyx articualtes with the sacrum?

A

the superior coccygeal body and the cornu

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27
Q

what is the function of the superior cornua of the coccyx?

A

attachment to the sacrum

28
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run?

A

from occipital to sacrum, along the anterior surface of the bodies

29
Q

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run?

A

from axis to sacrum, aong the posterior aspect o the vertebral bodies (i.e. down the body side of the vertebral foramen)

30
Q

where are the interspinal (spinous) ligaments and what is its function?

A

between each spinous process

holds the spinous processes together

31
Q

where is the supraspinal (spinous) ligament?

A

attaches to distal end of each spinous process, running the whole way down

32
Q

where is the ligamentum flavum found?

A

between the laminae of adjacent vetebrae

33
Q

where do the intertransverse ligaments run?

A

between each transverse process

34
Q

where are the facet capsule ligaments and where are they found?

A

fibrous capsule surrounding the zygapophyseal joint (joint between inferior articular facet and the superior articular facet of the vertebrae beneath)

35
Q

what are the three parts that compose the adult sternum?

A

manubrium
mesosternum/body/corpus stemi
xiphoid process

36
Q

what side of the sternum (anterior/posterior) is convex and which is concave?

A

convex: anterior
concave: posterior

37
Q

what does the sternum articulate with?

A

clavicle (via clavicular notches)

ribs (via costal notches)

38
Q

where is the jugular notch and what does it allow passage of?

A

site between the claviuclar notches on the sternum

transmits jugular vein

39
Q

what forms the sternal angle?

A

articulation of the manubrium and mesosternum

40
Q

which ribs have articular facets on the manubrium and which on the mesosternum?

A

1st = manubrium

2nd - 7th = mesosternum

41
Q

what are the costal notches of the sternum?

A

bony projections between the articular facets

42
Q

what are the non-metric traits of the sternum?

A

sternal and xiphoid foramen
synostosis (matrical and sclerotic)
bifid/trifid xiphoid process

43
Q

what are matrical and sclerotic synostosis?

A

fusion of the manubrium and mesosternum

matrical - in early life, sclerotic - in late adult life

44
Q

what are the developmental abnormalities associated with the sternum?

A 
pectus excavatum (caving of the chest wall)
pectus carinatum (protruding sternum)
45
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

1-7 = true (via costal cartilages); 8-10 = false (via costal margin); 11+12 = floating

46
Q

what do the ribs articulate with?

A

body of vertebrae (via rib head into the costal facets/demifacets)
transverse processes of vertebrae (rib tuberosity into the costal facets of TP)
sternum (sternal end into articular facets)

47
Q

what features distinguish rib 1 from the other ribs?

A

rough superior surface with grooves for subclavian vessels
scalene tubercle (for attachment of scalenus anterior)
oriented in transverse plane
no angle
singel whole articuar facet on head (only articulates with T1)

48
Q

what features distinguish rib 2 from the other ribs?

A

starts to deviate inferiorly

ridge for scalaneus posterior

49
Q

what distinguishes rib 11 from the other ribs?

A

single articular facet on head
lacks tubercle
slight angle
shallow costal groove

50
Q

what distinguishes rib 12 from the other ribs?

A 
single articular facet on the head
lacks tubercle
shallow costal groove
no angle
shaft tapers to a point
51
Q

where is scalenus anterior found and what is its function?

A

vertebrae and transverse processes C3-6 -> rib 1

raises rib 1, flexes and rotates neck

52
Q

where is scalenus posterior found and what is its function?

A

vertebrae and trasnverse proccesses C5-7 -> rib 2

raises rib 2, flexes and rotates neck

53
Q

what are the non-metric traits associated with the ribs?

A

cervical and lumbar ribs - attach to cervical/lumbar vertebrae
bifid ribs - split sternal end (so articulate at two sites on the sternum)

54
Q

how can you differentiate rib 10 from the other ribs?

A

when placed on a horizontal surface with the inferior border facing downwards the head is in direct contact with the surface
only has one articular facet on the head (so different to ribs 2-9)

55
Q

what ribs form the costal margin?

A

ribs 7/8 - 10

56
Q

which ribs articulate with the sternum via synovial joints?

A

ribs 1-6/7

57
Q

what are the costosternal joints between?

A

costal cartilages and the sternum

58
Q

what are the costochondral joints between?

A

the sternal end of the rib and its costal cartilage

59
Q

what is manubriosternal synostosis?

A

fusion of manubrium and sternal body

60
Q

what are the landmarks on the hyoid?

A

body

2 pairs of horns (cornua) - lesser and greater, that fuse in adulthood

61
Q

what vertebral level does the hyoid sit at?

62
Q

what muscles attach to the anteiror inferior body of the hyoid?

A

digastricus
stylohyoid
mylohyoid

63
Q

where does digastricus run and what is its function?

A

Anterior belly: temporal bone (mastoid notch),
Posterior belly: inner inferior border of mandible (digastric fossa) -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid
movement of the jaw

64
Q

where does stylohyoid attach and what is its function?

A

styloid process of temporal bone -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid
elevation of tongue

65
Q

where does mylohyoid attach and what is its function?

A

mylohyoid line of mandible -> anterior and inferior body of hyoid
raises the floor of mouth of tongue

Forensic Osteology (8 decks)

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