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Forensic Osteology > Lower Limb and Foot > Flashcards

Lower Limb and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

what does the femur articulate with?

A

pelvis (via head)
tibia (via condyles)
patella (via patellar surface)

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2
Q

what are the non-metric traits of the femur?

A 
third trochanter (additional lateral tubercle at same level of the lesser trochanter)
shape of the fovea capitis
femoral bowing
Allen's fossa (fossa on anatomical neck)
Poirier's facet (extension of the head)
anterior femoral neck torsion
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3
Q

what is the fovea capitis?

A

divit in the head of the femur

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4
Q

where is the intertrochanteric line?

A

between the greater and lesser trochanter on the anterior side of the femur

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5
Q

where is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

between the greater and lesser trochanter on the posterior side of the femur

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6
Q

where is the trochanteric fossa?

A

on the medial side of the greater trochanter

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7
Q

where is the pectineal line, what does it attach and what does it lead into?

A

inferior to the lesser trochanter
attaches pectineus
becomes the spiral line then the linea aspera

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8
Q

where is the gluteal tuberosity and what does it lead into?

A

inferior to the greater trochanter

becomes the linea aspera

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9
Q

what do the medial and lateral supracondylar lines form as a division of?

A

linea aspera

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10
Q

where is the quadrate tubercle located and what does it give attachment to?

A

on the intertrochanteric crest

insertion of quadratus femoris

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11
Q

where is the popliteal surface?

A

flat triangular surface between the medial and lateral supracondylar lines

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12
Q

where is the adductor tubercle?

A

on the medial epicondyle

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13
Q

what are the lateral and medial epicondyles?

A

lateral protrusions at the distal end of the femur, on the anterior surface

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14
Q

what are the lateral and medial condyles?

A

posterior protrusions at the distal end of the femur, on the posterior surface

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15
Q

what is the intercondylar fossa?

A

the fossa between the medial and lateral condyles

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16
Q

where is the patellar/trochlear surface?

A

anterior surface of the distal femur

site of articulation with the pelvis

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17
Q

where is vastus medialis and what is its function?

A

intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera and medial supracondylar line -> quadriceps tendon -> tibial tuberoisty (via patellar ligament)
extension of leg

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18
Q

where is vastus intermedius and what is its function?

A

anterior 2/3rds femur, linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line -> quadriceps tendon
extension of leg

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19
Q

where is vastus lateralis and what is its function?

A

intertrochanteric line, inferior greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity and lateral lip of linea aspera -> quadriceps tendon
extension of leg

20
Q

where is popliteus and what is its function?

A

lateral epicondyle of femur -> soleal line of tibia

medial rotation and flexion of leg

21
Q

where is gastrocnemius and what is its function?

A

superior to articular surfaces of condyles -> posterior calcaneous via tendocalcaneous
flexion of knee and foot

22
Q

where are the quadriceps muscles?

A

rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis

23
Q

where is soleus and what is its function?

A

soleal line of tibia and upper posterior fibula -> posterior calcaneus
plantarflexion of foot

24
Q

where is tibialis anterior and what is its function?

A

lateral condyle and upper half of lateral shaft of the tibia -> cuneiform and first metatarsal
dorsiflexion and supination of the foot

25
Q

what is the intercondylar eminence?

A

protrusion at the centre of the tibial plateau

26
Q

which end of the tibia are the medial and lateral condyles?

A

proximal end

27
Q

where is the tibial tuberoisty and what does it attach?

A

large tuberoisty on the anterior surface of the tibia

attaches patellar ligament

28
Q

what is the anterior crest/border of the tibia?

A

sharp ridge on the anterior tibia, on the lateral side of the anteiror surface

29
Q

where is the soleal line?

A

on the posterior surface

a roughened section of bone

30
Q

where is the interosseous border of the tibia?

A

sharp line on the posterior surface of the tibia

on the lateral side

31
Q

how do you side a tibia?

A

tibia is on the medial side of the leg
the interosseous surface is on the lateral side
medial malleolus is on the medial side

32
Q

how do you side a fibula?

A

the head is flatter, with a flat articular surface
distal end has the malleolar fossa and the talar facet
the interosseous crest is on the medial side
put your thumb in the malleolar fossa and whichever side your thumb is in is side its from

33
Q

what muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

A

gluetus medius

gluteus minimus

34
Q

what muscles attach to the linea aspera?

A 
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
adductor longus
biceps femoris
adductor magnus
35
Q

how do you side the calcaneus?

A

the sustentaculum tali is on the medial side, so points to the opposite side that the foot is from

36
Q

how do you side talus?

A

navicular articular facet points medially, so the opposite side its from
the groove on the inferior surface opens out into the lateral side so points to teh side its from

37
Q

how do you side navicular?

A

concave articular surface for talus is proximal
smooth surface is superior
convex indendation on the inferior border
with inferior border on the table the tubercle points medially, so opposite to the side its from

38
Q

how do you side cuboid?

A

flat articular suface = distal
superior surface is smooth, inferior is lumpy
looking at the inferior surface with the distal surface (the flat surface) at the top, the side the flat facet points is the side its from

39
Q

how do you identify and side medial cuneiform?

A

the biggest of the cuneiforms
double facet on the proximal side, single facet on the distal side
the side with no signifcant facets is medial
if the medial side is on the right its from the left foot, if its on the left its from the right

40
Q

how do you identify and side intermediate cuneiform?

A

its the smallest
‘you think it’s africa but its not, its more triangular’ (Grimberg, 2018)
triangular africa is distal
when looking at the proximal side the side the facet curves to is the side its from

41
Q

how do you identify and side lateral cuneiform?

A

its the middle sized cuneiform
the distal articular facet is flat and looks like africa
proximal edge has two facets
if africa is the right shape (so tail curves to the left) it is the right
if africa is the mirror image (so curves right) its from the left

42
Q

how do you distinguish MT2?

A

may have one facet on the medial side (for articulation with MT1)
has two facets laterally

43
Q

how do you distinguish MT3?

A

has two facets medially and one laterally

44
Q

how do you distinguish MT4?

A

has one facet on each side

45
Q

how do you distinguish MT5?

A

one facet on medial side

process on lateral side

Forensic Osteology (8 decks)

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