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Forensic Osteology > Pectoral Girdle, Upper Limb and Hand > Flashcards

Pectoral Girdle, Upper Limb and Hand Flashcards

1
Q

describe the morphology of the clavicle from sternal to scapular end.

A

rounded sternal end, bends posteriorly and flattens at the acromial end

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2
Q

what shape is the medial end of the clavicle in cross section?

A

circular

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3
Q

what shape is the lateral end of the clavicle in cross section?

A

oval

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4
Q

how do you distinguish between the superior and inferior surfaces of the clavicle?

A

superior surface is smooth, inferior surace has topography that is the reverse of rib 1, so is rougher

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5
Q

what are the functions of the clavicle?

A

stabilisation of the shoulder
holds the glenohumeral in parasagittal plane so increases the range of movement of the shoulder joint
transmits stress from upper limb to axial skeleton
protects the subclavian vessels and nerves

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6
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with?

A

sternum (sternal end, at sternoclavicular joint)

scapula (acromial end, at acromioclavicular joint)

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7
Q

where is the conoid tubercle and what does it attach?

A

on the inferior aspect of the clavicle

attaches conoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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8
Q

where is the nutrient foramen of the clavicle located and what does it arise from?

A

usually medial 2/3rds
usually single but can be double
from suprascapular artery as it passes deep to omohyoid

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9
Q

where is the costal tuberoisty, what is it’s morphology and what does it attach?

A

inferior aspect of clavicle
impression/facet-like
for costoclavicular ligament

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10
Q

where is the subclavian groove/sulcus and what does it attach?

A

clavicle

subclavius

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11
Q

where is the trapezoid line/ridge and what does it attach?

A

clavicle

trapezius

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12
Q

where does the costoclavicular ligament run?

A

costal tuberosity of clavicle -> rib 1

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13
Q

where does pectoralis major run and what is its function?

A

anterior (sternal end) clavicle and sternum -> lateral lip of bicipital groove of the humerus
adduction, medial rotation and flexion of the arm

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14
Q

where does sternohyoid attach and what is its function?

A

manubrium -> hyoid

depresses hyoid

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15
Q

where does the conoid ligament (lateral part of coracoclavicular ligament) attach?

A

coracoid process of scapula -> conoid tubercle of clavicle

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16
Q

where does subclavius run and what is it’s function?

A

1st rib -> subclavian groove of clavicle

depresses clavicle

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17
Q

What ligaments (x2) and muscles (x3) attach to the inferior aspect of the clavicle?

A

costoclavicular and conoid ligaments, pectoralis major, sternohyoid and subclavius

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18
Q

what attaches to the superior aspect of the clavicle?

A

trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and deltoid muscles

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19
Q

where does trapezius attach and what is its function?

A

vertebral column, occipital protuberance and nuchal ligament -> scapular spine, superior nuchal line and lateral and posterior surfaces of clavicle
elevation, adduction, depression and rotation of the scapula

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20
Q

where does sternocleidomastoid attach and what is its function?

A

medial and posterior clavicle and manubrium -> mastoid process of temporal bone
rotation and flexion of head

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21
Q

where does deltoid attach and what is its function?

A

lateral acromion, lower border of scapular spine and lateral and anterior clavicle -> deltoid tuberosity of humerus
flexion, extension, rotation and abduction of arm

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22
Q

what are the non-metric traits of the clavicle?

A

variation in shape, size, appearance of costal tuberosity, position of nutrient foramen and shape of acromial end

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23
Q

what does the scapula articulate with?

A

humerus (via glenoid fossa/cavity: glenohumeral joint)

clavicle (via acromion: acromioclavicular joint)

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24
Q

what is the acromion angle?

A

prominent bony point at the junction of the lateral border of teh acromion and the spine of the scapula

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25
Q

what side of the scapula is the spine and what does it divide the scapula into?

A

posterior surface

supra- and infra-spinous fossas

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26
Q

where is the coracoid process?

A

scapula, bony projection on the anterior surface above the glenoid cavity

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27
Q

where is the superior angle of the scapula located?

A

angle at the top, on the opposite side to the glenoid cavity

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28
Q

where is the glenoid notch located?

A

a notch on the anterior margin of the glenoid cavity

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29
Q

where is the infraglenoid tubercle and what does it attach?

A

projection inferior to the glenoid cavity

attaches long head of triceps brachii

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30
Q

where is the supraglenoid tubercle and what does it attach?

A

projection superior to the glenoid cavity near the base of the coracoid process
attaches long head of biceps brachii

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31
Q

what does the suprascapular/scapular notch/foramen transmit?

A

suprascapular nerve

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32
Q

what does the spinoglenoid notch connect?

A

the infra and supraspinous fossas

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33
Q

where is the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula located?

A

between the glenoid fossa and inferior angle

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34
Q

where is the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula located?

A

between inferior and superior angles

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35
Q

where is the subscapular fossa located?

A

anterior aspect of scapula

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36
Q

where is the supraspinous fossa located?

A

superior to the spine of the scapula, on posterior aspect

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37
Q

where is the infraspinous fossa located?

A

inferior to the spine on the posterior aspect of the scapula

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38
Q

where is the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

angle at the base

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39
Q

what muscles attach to the acromion?

A

deltoid

trapezius

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40
Q

where does biceps brachii attach and what is its function?

A 
supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process of scapula (short head) -> radial tuberosity of radius
assists supination and flexion of forearm
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41
Q

where does triceps brachii attach and what is its function?

A

infraglenoid tubercle and posterior diaphysis of humerus -> olecranon of ulna
extension of forearm

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42
Q

where does pectoralis minor attach and what is its function?

A

ribs 3-5 -> coraocid process

draws scapula forward/downwards

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43
Q

what muscle attaches to the anterior surface of the scapula?

A

subscapularis

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44
Q

where does subscapularis attach and what is its function?

A

subscapular fossa -> lesser tubercle on humerus

medial rotation of arm and stabilises shoulder

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45
Q

what muscles attach to the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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46
Q

where does supraspinatus attach and what is its function?

A

supraspinous fossa -> greater tubercle of humerus

adduction of arm

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47
Q

where does infraspinatous attach and what is its function?

A

infraspinous fossa -> greater tubercle of humerus

lateral rotation and abduction of arm

48
Q

what mucles attach to the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula?

A

teres minor and major

49
Q

where does teres minor attach and what is its function?

A

lateral border scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus

lateral rotation and adduction of arm and stabilisation

50
Q

where does teres major attach and what is its function?

A

lateral border scapula ->medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm

51
Q

what muscles attach to the medial border of the scapula?

A

serratus anterior
levator scapulae
rhomboideus major and minor

52
Q

where does serratus anterior attach and what is its function?

A

outer part of ribs 1-8/9 -> anterior side of medial border of scapula
rotates/protracts scapula for flexion/abduction of arm

53
Q

where does levator scapulae attach and what is its function?

A

superior posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-4 -> posterior side of medial border of scapula
elevation and rotation of scapula

54
Q

where is rhomboideus major and what is its function?

A

T2-5 at root of spine (posterior) -> posterior side of medial border
retraction, elevation and stabilisation of scapula

55
Q

where is rhomboideus minor and what is its function?

A

C7-T1 (inferior/posterior) -> posterior side of medial border of scapula
retraction, elevation and stabilisation of scapula

56
Q

what are the non-metric traits of the scapula?

A

ossification of the suprascapular ligament to create the suprascapular foramen (normally suprascapular notch)

circumflex sulcus (groove on postero-lateral border)

separate (unfused) acromial epiphysis

acromial facet (facet on inferior surface of acromion)

shape of acromion and inferior angle

57
Q

what is a septal aperture and where may they be found?

A

non-metric trait, opening between the olecranon fossa and the coronoid fossa
humerus

58
Q

the supracondylar process is a non-metric trait, what is it and where does it affect?

A

a spur of bone above the medial epidcondyle on the supracondylar ridge
humerus

59
Q

what does the humerus articulate with?

A

scapula (via head)
ulna (via trochlea, coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa)
radius (via capitulum and radial fossa)

60
Q

where is the greater tubercle located and what attaches to it?

A

higher, lateral and larger prominence at the proximal end of the humerus
supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

61
Q

where is the lesser tubercle located and what attaches to it?

A

anterior prominence at the proximal end of the humerus

subscapularis

62
Q

where is the deltoid tuberosity and what does it attach?

A

lateral diaphysis of humerus

deltoid

63
Q

where is the intertubercular groove/sulcus and what does it attach (from lateral to medial)?

A

groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major

64
Q

where us the radial/spiral groove/sulcus and what does it transmit?

A

on posterior surface of humerus

radial nerve and deep brachial artery

65
Q

what are the ridges above the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus called?

A

medial and lateral supracondylar ridges

66
Q

where is the radial fossa and what does it articulate with?

A

fossa on lateral side of distal humerus

head of the radius

67
Q

where is the capitulum and what does it articulate with?

A

tuberosity on the lateral side of the distal humerus

head of the radius

68
Q

where is the coronoid fossa and what does it articulate with?

A

fossa on the medial side of the distal humerus

coronoid process of the ulna

69
Q

where is the trochlea and what does it articulate with?

A

tuberoisty on the medial side of the distal humerus

trochlear notch of ulna

70
Q

where is the olecranon fossa and what does it articulate with?

A

fossa on posterior surface of the distal humerus

olecranon process of ulna

71
Q

where is subscapularis found and what is its function?

A

subscapular fossa of scapula -> lesser tubercle of humerus

medial rotation and stabilisation of scapula

72
Q

where is supraspinatus found and what is its function?

A

supraspinous fossa of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus

abduction and stabilisation of arm

73
Q

where is infraspinatus found and what is its function?

A

infraspinous fossa of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus

abduction, lateral rotation and stabilisation of arm

74
Q

where is teres minor and what is its function?

A

superior lateral border of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus
adduction, lateral rotation and stabilisation of arm

75
Q

where is teres major and what is its function?

A

inferior angle of scapula -> medial lip of intertubercular groove
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm

76
Q

where is latissimus dorsi and what is its function?

A

spinous processes T7-L5, lower ribs and iliac crest -> intertubercular groove
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm

77
Q

where is pectoralis major and what is its function?

A

anterior-medial clavicle and sternum -> lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerush
medial rotation, adduction and flexion of arm

78
Q

where is brachialis and what is its function?

A

distal anterior diaphysis of humerus -> coronoid process of ulna
flexion of forearm

79
Q

where is triceps brachii and what is its function?

A

posterior diaphysis of humerus (x2) and infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (x1) -> olecranon process of ulna
extension of forearm, adduction of arm

80
Q

where is brachioradialis and what is its function?

A

lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus -> area superior to styloid process of radius
flexion of forearm

81
Q

where is supinator and what is its function?

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus and supinator crest of ulna -> lateral proximal diaphysis of radius
supination of forearm

82
Q

where is pronator teres and what is its function?

A

medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna -> pronator crest on lateral diaphysis of radius
pronation and flexion of forearm

83
Q

what does the radius articulate with?

A

humerus (via head)
ulna (via head and ulna notch)
lunate (via medial distal surface)
scaphoid (via lateral distal surface)

84
Q

how do you side the radius?

A

anterior side is the side that has a slope at the distal end
ulna notch is medial
radial tuberosity is medial
styloid process is lateral

85
Q

where is the radial tuberosity and what does it attach?

A

tuberosity on anterio-medial side of radius

biceps brachii

86
Q

what are the posterior and anterior oblique lines of the radius?

A

lines on the posterior/anterior diaphysis of the radius that are barely visible

87
Q

how can you distinguish the interosseous crest from the oblique lines (on both the radius and ulna)?

A

on the medial side on the radius
on the lateral side on the ulna
it’s a sharp, obvious edge

88
Q

what is the dorsal tubercle of the radius?

A

biggest tubercle on the posterior surface of the distal end of the radius

89
Q

where is the supra-styloid crest and what is its function?

A

on the lateral border of the distal radius leading to the styloid process
attachment of brachioradialis

90
Q

where is pronator quadratus and what is its function?

A

distal anterio-medial diaphysis of ulna -> distal anterior diaphysis of radius
pronation of forearm and hand

91
Q

what are the non-metric traits of the ulna?

A

differing shape of the trochlear notch

92
Q

what does the ulna articulate with?

A

humerus (via olecranon process)

radius (via head and radial notch)

93
Q

where is the trochlear notch?

A

on the anterior surface of the olecranon process that articulates with the trochlea

94
Q

where is the coronoid process?

A

anterior pointing process at the base of the trochlear notch

articulates with the coronoid fossa

95
Q

where is the radial notch?

A

on the anterior distal side side of the ulna (lateral to the coronoid fossa)

96
Q

where is the ulnar tuberosity and what does it attach?

A

tuberosity below the coronoid process

attachment of brachialis

97
Q

where is extensor carpi ulnaris and what is its function?

A

notch on posterior distal ulna and lateral epicondyle of humerus -> 5th metacarpal
extension of the hand

98
Q

how do you side the ulna?

A

radial notch on lateral side
interosseous crest on lateral side
styloid process on posterio-medial side

99
Q

what carpal bones are found in the proximal row? (lateral/radial to medial/ulnar)

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform

100
Q

what carpal bones are found in the distal row? (lateral/radial to medial/ulnar)

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

101
Q

how do you identify the scaphoid?

A

boat shaped
significant concave articular facet (for capitate)
rough groove on opposite surface to facet

102
Q

how do you side the scaphoid?

A

capitate articular surface facing you
one surface has a convex edge leading into the tubercle and this goes at the bottom
the direction the tubercle points is the side it comes from

103
Q

how do you identify the lunate?

A

has a significant crescent-moon shaped facet

one side has a flatter surface than the other

104
Q

how do you side the lunate?

A

the crescent shaped surfacce pointing downwards (^-ish)
lay the flat surface on the table
the direction the other facet rises towards is the side it comes from

105
Q

how do you identify triquetral?

A

weird shaped

three facets - two with a common edge and a circular one for pisiform

106
Q

how do you side triquetral?

A

hold the common edge between the two cube-ish facets towards you (so its vertical)
the facet for pisiform will be on the superior surface
the direction the facet points is the side the bone is from

107
Q

how do you identify pisiform?

A

its pea shaped with a flattened side

108
Q

how do you side pisiform?

A

point the articular surface to one side
a groove runs down one side of the articular surface
whichever side it runs down when the bulk of the pisiform points upwards is the side it’s from

109
Q

how do you identify trapezium?

A

irregularly sided
saddle shaped articular surface (for MC1) (the smooth one, no ridge in the middle)
pronounced groove between a facet and the tubercle

110
Q

how do you side trapezium?

A

lay on the table with the tubercle and groove pointing away from you
the two concave facets should be on either side
the side the groove passes by the tubercle is the side it’s from

111
Q

how do you identify trapezoid?

A

its boot shaped

112
Q

how do you side trapezoid?

A

place the sole of the boot on the table with the v-shaped zip facing you
the side the toe points to is the side it’s from

113
Q

how do you identify capitate?

A 
rounded head (articualtes with lunate and scaphoid)
flat base (for MC3)
looks like darth vader/kylo ren
114
Q

how do you side capitate?

A

with the rounded head pointing up and the large articular facet facing you the direction the back of the mask points to is the side it’s from

115
Q

how do you identify the hamate?

A

has the hamulus - pronounced hooked process

116
Q

how do you side the hamate?

A

put the non-articular surface on the table with the double facet and hamulus furthest away
the side the hook curves to is the side it’s from

117
Q

how do you distinguish MTs 4 + 5 from MT2+3?

A

MT4 has only one articular facet on each side
MT5 has only one articular facet
MT2 and 3 have a double facet for articulation with each other on one side and a single facet on the other

Forensic Osteology (8 decks)

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