Pectoral Girdle, Upper Limb and Hand Flashcards
describe the morphology of the clavicle from sternal to scapular end.
rounded sternal end, bends posteriorly and flattens at the acromial end
what shape is the medial end of the clavicle in cross section?
circular
what shape is the lateral end of the clavicle in cross section?
oval
how do you distinguish between the superior and inferior surfaces of the clavicle?
superior surface is smooth, inferior surace has topography that is the reverse of rib 1, so is rougher
what are the functions of the clavicle?
stabilisation of the shoulder
holds the glenohumeral in parasagittal plane so increases the range of movement of the shoulder joint
transmits stress from upper limb to axial skeleton
protects the subclavian vessels and nerves
what does the clavicle articulate with?
sternum (sternal end, at sternoclavicular joint)
scapula (acromial end, at acromioclavicular joint)
where is the conoid tubercle and what does it attach?
on the inferior aspect of the clavicle
attaches conoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament)
where is the nutrient foramen of the clavicle located and what does it arise from?
usually medial 2/3rds
usually single but can be double
from suprascapular artery as it passes deep to omohyoid
where is the costal tuberoisty, what is it’s morphology and what does it attach?
inferior aspect of clavicle
impression/facet-like
for costoclavicular ligament
where is the subclavian groove/sulcus and what does it attach?
clavicle
subclavius
where is the trapezoid line/ridge and what does it attach?
clavicle
trapezius
where does the costoclavicular ligament run?
costal tuberosity of clavicle -> rib 1
where does pectoralis major run and what is its function?
anterior (sternal end) clavicle and sternum -> lateral lip of bicipital groove of the humerus
adduction, medial rotation and flexion of the arm
where does sternohyoid attach and what is its function?
manubrium -> hyoid
depresses hyoid
where does the conoid ligament (lateral part of coracoclavicular ligament) attach?
coracoid process of scapula -> conoid tubercle of clavicle
where does subclavius run and what is it’s function?
1st rib -> subclavian groove of clavicle
depresses clavicle
What ligaments (x2) and muscles (x3) attach to the inferior aspect of the clavicle?
costoclavicular and conoid ligaments, pectoralis major, sternohyoid and subclavius
what attaches to the superior aspect of the clavicle?
trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and deltoid muscles
where does trapezius attach and what is its function?
vertebral column, occipital protuberance and nuchal ligament -> scapular spine, superior nuchal line and lateral and posterior surfaces of clavicle
elevation, adduction, depression and rotation of the scapula
where does sternocleidomastoid attach and what is its function?
medial and posterior clavicle and manubrium -> mastoid process of temporal bone
rotation and flexion of head
where does deltoid attach and what is its function?
lateral acromion, lower border of scapular spine and lateral and anterior clavicle -> deltoid tuberosity of humerus
flexion, extension, rotation and abduction of arm
what are the non-metric traits of the clavicle?
variation in shape, size, appearance of costal tuberosity, position of nutrient foramen and shape of acromial end
what does the scapula articulate with?
humerus (via glenoid fossa/cavity: glenohumeral joint)
clavicle (via acromion: acromioclavicular joint)
what is the acromion angle?
prominent bony point at the junction of the lateral border of teh acromion and the spine of the scapula
what side of the scapula is the spine and what does it divide the scapula into?
posterior surface
supra- and infra-spinous fossas
where is the coracoid process?
scapula, bony projection on the anterior surface above the glenoid cavity
where is the superior angle of the scapula located?
angle at the top, on the opposite side to the glenoid cavity
where is the glenoid notch located?
a notch on the anterior margin of the glenoid cavity
where is the infraglenoid tubercle and what does it attach?
projection inferior to the glenoid cavity
attaches long head of triceps brachii
where is the supraglenoid tubercle and what does it attach?
projection superior to the glenoid cavity near the base of the coracoid process
attaches long head of biceps brachii
what does the suprascapular/scapular notch/foramen transmit?
suprascapular nerve
what does the spinoglenoid notch connect?
the infra and supraspinous fossas
where is the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula located?
between the glenoid fossa and inferior angle
where is the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula located?
between inferior and superior angles
where is the subscapular fossa located?
anterior aspect of scapula
where is the supraspinous fossa located?
superior to the spine of the scapula, on posterior aspect
where is the infraspinous fossa located?
inferior to the spine on the posterior aspect of the scapula
where is the inferior angle of the scapula?
angle at the base
what muscles attach to the acromion?
deltoid
trapezius
where does biceps brachii attach and what is its function?
supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process of scapula (short head) -> radial tuberosity of radius assists supination and flexion of forearm
where does triceps brachii attach and what is its function?
infraglenoid tubercle and posterior diaphysis of humerus -> olecranon of ulna
extension of forearm
where does pectoralis minor attach and what is its function?
ribs 3-5 -> coraocid process
draws scapula forward/downwards
what muscle attaches to the anterior surface of the scapula?
subscapularis
where does subscapularis attach and what is its function?
subscapular fossa -> lesser tubercle on humerus
medial rotation of arm and stabilises shoulder
what muscles attach to the posterior surface of the scapula?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
where does supraspinatus attach and what is its function?
supraspinous fossa -> greater tubercle of humerus
adduction of arm
where does infraspinatous attach and what is its function?
infraspinous fossa -> greater tubercle of humerus
lateral rotation and abduction of arm
what mucles attach to the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula?
teres minor and major
where does teres minor attach and what is its function?
lateral border scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus
lateral rotation and adduction of arm and stabilisation
where does teres major attach and what is its function?
lateral border scapula ->medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm
what muscles attach to the medial border of the scapula?
serratus anterior
levator scapulae
rhomboideus major and minor
where does serratus anterior attach and what is its function?
outer part of ribs 1-8/9 -> anterior side of medial border of scapula
rotates/protracts scapula for flexion/abduction of arm
where does levator scapulae attach and what is its function?
superior posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-4 -> posterior side of medial border of scapula
elevation and rotation of scapula
where is rhomboideus major and what is its function?
T2-5 at root of spine (posterior) -> posterior side of medial border
retraction, elevation and stabilisation of scapula
where is rhomboideus minor and what is its function?
C7-T1 (inferior/posterior) -> posterior side of medial border of scapula
retraction, elevation and stabilisation of scapula
what are the non-metric traits of the scapula?
ossification of the suprascapular ligament to create the suprascapular foramen (normally suprascapular notch)
circumflex sulcus (groove on postero-lateral border)
separate (unfused) acromial epiphysis
acromial facet (facet on inferior surface of acromion)
shape of acromion and inferior angle
what is a septal aperture and where may they be found?
non-metric trait, opening between the olecranon fossa and the coronoid fossa
humerus
the supracondylar process is a non-metric trait, what is it and where does it affect?
a spur of bone above the medial epidcondyle on the supracondylar ridge
humerus
what does the humerus articulate with?
scapula (via head)
ulna (via trochlea, coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa)
radius (via capitulum and radial fossa)
where is the greater tubercle located and what attaches to it?
higher, lateral and larger prominence at the proximal end of the humerus
supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
where is the lesser tubercle located and what attaches to it?
anterior prominence at the proximal end of the humerus
subscapularis
where is the deltoid tuberosity and what does it attach?
lateral diaphysis of humerus
deltoid
where is the intertubercular groove/sulcus and what does it attach (from lateral to medial)?
groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major
where us the radial/spiral groove/sulcus and what does it transmit?
on posterior surface of humerus
radial nerve and deep brachial artery
what are the ridges above the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus called?
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
where is the radial fossa and what does it articulate with?
fossa on lateral side of distal humerus
head of the radius
where is the capitulum and what does it articulate with?
tuberosity on the lateral side of the distal humerus
head of the radius
where is the coronoid fossa and what does it articulate with?
fossa on the medial side of the distal humerus
coronoid process of the ulna
where is the trochlea and what does it articulate with?
tuberoisty on the medial side of the distal humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
where is the olecranon fossa and what does it articulate with?
fossa on posterior surface of the distal humerus
olecranon process of ulna
where is subscapularis found and what is its function?
subscapular fossa of scapula -> lesser tubercle of humerus
medial rotation and stabilisation of scapula
where is supraspinatus found and what is its function?
supraspinous fossa of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus
abduction and stabilisation of arm
where is infraspinatus found and what is its function?
infraspinous fossa of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus
abduction, lateral rotation and stabilisation of arm
where is teres minor and what is its function?
superior lateral border of scapula -> greater tubercle of humerus
adduction, lateral rotation and stabilisation of arm
where is teres major and what is its function?
inferior angle of scapula -> medial lip of intertubercular groove
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm
where is latissimus dorsi and what is its function?
spinous processes T7-L5, lower ribs and iliac crest -> intertubercular groove
medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm
where is pectoralis major and what is its function?
anterior-medial clavicle and sternum -> lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerush
medial rotation, adduction and flexion of arm
where is brachialis and what is its function?
distal anterior diaphysis of humerus -> coronoid process of ulna
flexion of forearm
where is triceps brachii and what is its function?
posterior diaphysis of humerus (x2) and infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (x1) -> olecranon process of ulna
extension of forearm, adduction of arm
where is brachioradialis and what is its function?
lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus -> area superior to styloid process of radius
flexion of forearm
where is supinator and what is its function?
lateral epicondyle of humerus and supinator crest of ulna -> lateral proximal diaphysis of radius
supination of forearm
where is pronator teres and what is its function?
medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna -> pronator crest on lateral diaphysis of radius
pronation and flexion of forearm
what does the radius articulate with?
humerus (via head)
ulna (via head and ulna notch)
lunate (via medial distal surface)
scaphoid (via lateral distal surface)
how do you side the radius?
anterior side is the side that has a slope at the distal end
ulna notch is medial
radial tuberosity is medial
styloid process is lateral
where is the radial tuberosity and what does it attach?
tuberosity on anterio-medial side of radius
biceps brachii
what are the posterior and anterior oblique lines of the radius?
lines on the posterior/anterior diaphysis of the radius that are barely visible
how can you distinguish the interosseous crest from the oblique lines (on both the radius and ulna)?
on the medial side on the radius
on the lateral side on the ulna
it’s a sharp, obvious edge
what is the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
biggest tubercle on the posterior surface of the distal end of the radius
where is the supra-styloid crest and what is its function?
on the lateral border of the distal radius leading to the styloid process
attachment of brachioradialis
where is pronator quadratus and what is its function?
distal anterio-medial diaphysis of ulna -> distal anterior diaphysis of radius
pronation of forearm and hand
what are the non-metric traits of the ulna?
differing shape of the trochlear notch
what does the ulna articulate with?
humerus (via olecranon process)
radius (via head and radial notch)
where is the trochlear notch?
on the anterior surface of the olecranon process that articulates with the trochlea
where is the coronoid process?
anterior pointing process at the base of the trochlear notch
articulates with the coronoid fossa
where is the radial notch?
on the anterior distal side side of the ulna (lateral to the coronoid fossa)
where is the ulnar tuberosity and what does it attach?
tuberosity below the coronoid process
attachment of brachialis
where is extensor carpi ulnaris and what is its function?
notch on posterior distal ulna and lateral epicondyle of humerus -> 5th metacarpal
extension of the hand
how do you side the ulna?
radial notch on lateral side
interosseous crest on lateral side
styloid process on posterio-medial side
what carpal bones are found in the proximal row? (lateral/radial to medial/ulnar)
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
what carpal bones are found in the distal row? (lateral/radial to medial/ulnar)
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
how do you identify the scaphoid?
boat shaped
significant concave articular facet (for capitate)
rough groove on opposite surface to facet
how do you side the scaphoid?
capitate articular surface facing you
one surface has a convex edge leading into the tubercle and this goes at the bottom
the direction the tubercle points is the side it comes from
how do you identify the lunate?
has a significant crescent-moon shaped facet
one side has a flatter surface than the other
how do you side the lunate?
the crescent shaped surfacce pointing downwards (^-ish)
lay the flat surface on the table
the direction the other facet rises towards is the side it comes from
how do you identify triquetral?
weird shaped
three facets - two with a common edge and a circular one for pisiform
how do you side triquetral?
hold the common edge between the two cube-ish facets towards you (so its vertical)
the facet for pisiform will be on the superior surface
the direction the facet points is the side the bone is from
how do you identify pisiform?
its pea shaped with a flattened side
how do you side pisiform?
point the articular surface to one side
a groove runs down one side of the articular surface
whichever side it runs down when the bulk of the pisiform points upwards is the side it’s from
how do you identify trapezium?
irregularly sided
saddle shaped articular surface (for MC1) (the smooth one, no ridge in the middle)
pronounced groove between a facet and the tubercle
how do you side trapezium?
lay on the table with the tubercle and groove pointing away from you
the two concave facets should be on either side
the side the groove passes by the tubercle is the side it’s from
how do you identify trapezoid?
its boot shaped
how do you side trapezoid?
place the sole of the boot on the table with the v-shaped zip facing you
the side the toe points to is the side it’s from
how do you identify capitate?
rounded head (articualtes with lunate and scaphoid) flat base (for MC3) looks like darth vader/kylo ren
how do you side capitate?
with the rounded head pointing up and the large articular facet facing you the direction the back of the mask points to is the side it’s from
how do you identify the hamate?
has the hamulus - pronounced hooked process
how do you side the hamate?
put the non-articular surface on the table with the double facet and hamulus furthest away
the side the hook curves to is the side it’s from
how do you distinguish MTs 4 + 5 from MT2+3?
MT4 has only one articular facet on each side
MT5 has only one articular facet
MT2 and 3 have a double facet for articulation with each other on one side and a single facet on the other
