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Sterilization Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is recognized as the “savior of mothers” for his principle of sterilization and disinfection?

Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Ignaz Semmelweis
Joseph Lister
Alexander Fleming

A

3

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2
Q

What is the primary goal of sterilization?

To inhibit microbial growth
To destroy all microbial forms using physical or chemical agents
To kill only pathogenic bacteria
To disinfect non-living objects
To prevent contamination during surgery

A

2

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3
Q

Which term describes the destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on non-living objects?

Sterilization
Antisepsis
Disinfection
Aseptic technique
Bacteriostasis

A

3

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4
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A chemical agent that kills all microbial pathogens
A chemical agent of disinfection mild enough to be used on human skin or tissues
A physical procedure to sterilize medical instruments
An agent that prevents microbial contamination
A substance used to kill bacterial spores

A

2

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5
Q

Which type of disinfectant kills all microbial pathogens except large numbers of bacterial spores?

Low-level disinfectant
High-level disinfectant
Intermediate-level disinfectant
Antiseptic
Bacteriostatic agent

A

2

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6
Q

What is the definition of sepsis?

A mild infection
An overwhelming and life-threatening response to infection leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and death
A localized skin infection
The growth of bacteria in a sterile environment
A minor bacterial contamination

A

2

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7
Q

Which term refers to the use of chemical agents on living tissue to inhibit or eliminate microbes without sporicidal action?

Disinfection
Sterilization
Antisepsis
Aseptic technique
Bactericidal action

A

3

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8
Q

What is the role of aseptic techniques in surgery?

To kill all microbes on surgical instruments
To prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient
To sterilize non-living objects
To inhibit bacterial growth
To disinfect wounds

A

2

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9
Q

What are germicides?

Chemical agents that kill bacteria but allow spores to survive
Agents capable of killing microbes, with spores possibly surviving
Substances that inhibit microbial growth without killing
Agents used exclusively on living tissues
Agents that only kill bacterial spores

A

2

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10
Q

What is a sporicide?

A chemical that inhibits bacterial growth
An agent that kills bacterial spores
A substance that disinfects non-living objects
An antiseptic used on human tissues
A low-level disinfectant

A

2

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11
Q

Which agent specifically destroys bacteria?

Bacteriostatic agent
Bactericidal agent
Antiseptic
Germicide
Sporicidal agent

A

2

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12
Q

Which agent inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them?

Bactericidal agent
Germicide
Bacteriostatic agent
Sporicide
Antiseptic

A

3

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13
Q

What does a high-level disinfectant kill?

All microbial pathogens except large numbers of bacterial spores
Only vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped viruses
Most vegetative bacteria and medium-sized viruses
All bacterial spores
Only non-pathogenic microbes

A

1

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14
Q

What does an intermediate-level disinfectant kill?

All microbial pathogens except large numbers of bacterial spores
Most vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped viruses
Only non-pathogenic bacteria
All bacterial spores
Only fungi and viruses

A

1

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15
Q

What does a low-level disinfectant kill?

All microbial pathogens including bacterial spores
Most vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped or medium-sized viruses
Only fungi and viruses
Only non-pathogenic bacteria
All microbial pathogens except fungi

A

2

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16
Q

What is the primary goal of antisepsis?

To kill all microbial pathogens
To sterilize non-living objects
To inhibit or eliminate microbes on skin or other living tissue
To disinfect surgical instruments
To prevent contamination during surgery

A

3

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17
Q

What is the definition of aseptic techniques?

Use of chemical agents to kill all microbes
Procedures used to prevent contamination during surgery
Use of physical methods to sterilize instruments
Application of antiseptics on living tissues
Methods to disinfect environmental surfaces

A

2

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18
Q

How can medical waste be classified?

A) As either solid or liquid
B) As either hazardous or non-hazardous
C) As either non-infectious or infectious
D) As either recyclable or non-recyclable
E) As either biodegradable or non-biodegradable

A

C

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19
Q

What is required for all infectious waste?

A) Incineration for 60 minutes
B) Autoclaving for 90 minutes
C) Disinfection with chemicals
D) Freezing for 24 hours
E) Dry heat sterilization for 2 hours

A

B

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20
Q

What type of waste includes tissues, organs, body parts, and body fluids removed during surgery and autopsy?

A) Microbial waste
B) Blood-saturated waste
C) Pathological and anatomical waste
D) Liquid medical waste
E) Isolation waste

A

C

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21
Q

Which type of waste is also known as liquid medical waste?

A) Human blood and blood products
B) Sharps waste
C) Contaminated animal carcasses
D) Microbial waste
E) Pathological waste

A

A

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22
Q

What color bag is used for infectious waste such as bandages, gauze, and cotton?

A) Red bag
B) Blue bag
C) Yellow bag
D) Black bag
E) Green bag

A

C

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23
Q

What color bag is used for plastic waste such as catheters, injection syringes, and tubing?

A) Red bag
B) Blue bag
C) Yellow bag
D) Black bag
E) Green bag

A

A

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24
Q

What is stored in black bags (carboys)?

A) Needles without syringes, blades, sharps, and all metal articles
B) Infectious waste such as bandages and gauze
C) Plastic waste such as catheters and syringes
D) All types of glass bottles and broken glass articles
E) Human body parts and placenta

A

A

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25
Q

Which type of waste is classified under hazardous medical waste?

A) Non-hazardous medical waste
B) Infectious waste
C) Radioactive waste
D) Anatomical parts
E) Household waste

A

C

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26
Q

What application of bacterial genetics in industry involves degrading or detoxifying pollutants such as petroleum or pesticides?

A) Bioremediation
B) Biotechnology
C) Genetic engineering
D) Waste management
E) Biofuel production

A

A

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27
Q

What type of waste includes sharps, isolation waste, contaminated animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding?

A) Non-hazardous waste
B) Household waste
C) Radioactive waste
D) Pathological waste
E) Infectious waste

A

E

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28
Q

What is the procedure for handling non-hazardous medical waste?

A) Incineration
B) Disinfection and pre-treatment
C) Recovery through radioactive decay storage
D) Special incineration of human anatomical parts in a crematorium
E) Selective collection and non-hazardous waste storage facility

A

E

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29
Q

What are some examples of blood-saturated waste?

A) Sharps and broken glass
B) Tissues and organs
C) Items contaminated with blood that would release liquid if compressed
D) Human body fluids and bedding
E) Contaminated animal carcasses

A

C

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30
Q

What are the components of human blood and blood products considered as liquid medical waste?

A) Sharps and syringes
B) Plasma and blood serum
C) Animal carcasses and bedding
D) Bandages and gauze
E) Plastic waste and tubing

A

B

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31
Q

What type of waste includes bandages, gauze, and other objects contaminated with body fluids?

A) Sharps waste
B) Pathological waste
C) Infectious waste
D) Radioactive waste
E) Non-hazardous waste

A

C

32
Q

What are the potential uses of bioremediation in the industry?

A) Sterilizing medical equipment
B) Treating infectious diseases
C) Degrading or detoxifying pollutants such as petroleum or pesticides
D) Producing antibiotics
E) Enhancing plant growth

A

C

33
Q

What was phenol first used for, and by whom?

A) Antiseptic by Fleming
B) Disinfectant by Lister
C) Antibiotic by Pasteur
D) Sterilant by Koch
E) Antifungal by Jenner

A

B

34
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of phenol as a disinfectant?

A) Rarely used due to high cost
B) Rarely used due to being a skin irritant and having a strong odor
C) Widely used in food preservation
D) Ineffective against bacteria
E) Commonly used in household cleaners

A

B

35
Q

What is the role of iodine in disinfection?

A) Acts as a solvent
B) Combines with tyrosine in proteins and denatures them
C) Used to disinfect drinking water
D) Commonly used in detergents
E) Neutralizes acids

A

B

36
Q

Which form of chlorine is the active ingredient in bleach?

A) Chlorine gas
B) Hypochlorous acid
C) Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
D) Chloramines
E) Hydrochloric acid

A

C

37
Q

What is a key property of detergents in disinfection?

A) Only effective against bacteria
B) Act as surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions
C) Used exclusively for sterilizing surgical instruments
D) Ineffective against fungi
E) Only used for food preservation

A

B

38
Q

Which alcohol is considered a better antiseptic than ethanol?

A) Methanol
B) Isopropanol
C) Propanol
D) Butanol
E) Pentanol

A

B

39
Q

What is a common use of zinc compounds in disinfection?

A) Used to disinfect drinking water
B) Used in mouthwashes and as an antifungal agent in paint
C) Used in household cleaning products
D) Used in food preservation
E) Used to sterilize surgical instruments

A

B

40
Q

Which of the following is an oxidizing agent commonly used in disinfection?

A) Phenol
B) Zinc oxide
C) Sodium hypochlorite
D) Hydrogen peroxide
E) Isopropanol

A

D

41
Q

What is the oligodynamic action in the context of heavy metal solutions?

A) High concentration is required for effectiveness
B) Very tiny amounts are effective
C) Only effective in large quantities
D) Ineffective in any concentration
E) Requires combination with other disinfectants

A

b

42
Q

Which heavy metal is used to kill algae in pools?

A) Silver
B) Mercury
C) Copper
D) Selenium
E) Zinc

A

C

43
Q

What is a notable characteristic of alcohols as disinfectants?

A) Leave a strong residue
B) Evaporate, leaving no residue
C) Effective against bacterial spores
D) Cause proteins to stabilize
E) Increase microbial resistance

A

B

44
Q

Which disinfectant category includes compounds like chlorine and hypochlorous acid?

A) Phenols
B) Halogens
C) Detergents
D) Alcohols
E) Heavy metals

A

B

45
Q

Which halogen compound is less effective as a germicide due to being easily inactivated by organic materials?

A) Iodine
B) Chlorine
C) Bromine
D) Fluorine
E) Astatine

A

B

46
Q

What type of detergent is used to mechanically wipe microbes off the skin before injections?

A) Anionic detergents
B) Cationic detergents
C) Non-ionic detergents
D) Zwitterionic detergents
E) Alcohol-based detergents

A

E

47
Q

Which heavy metal solution is used for fungal infections and dandruff shampoos?

A) Silver
B) Mercury
C) Copper
D) Selenium
E) Zinc

A

D

48
Q

What is the effect of moist heat on microbial proteins?

A) Stabilizes protein structures
B) Coagulates microbial proteins
C) Dehydrates cells
D) Removes bacterial spores
E) Inactivates bacterial DNA

A

B

49
Q

At what temperature and duration is a dry oven used for sterilization?

A) 120-130°C for 1-2 hours
B) 65°C for 30 minutes
C) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours
D) 121°C for 15 minutes
E) 145°C for 4 seconds

A

C

50
Q

What is required to effectively sterilize with steam under pressure (autoclave)?

A) 30 minutes at 121°C
B) 15 minutes at 121°C
C) 1-2 hours at 160-170°C
D) 15 seconds at 72°C
E) 65°C for 30 minutes

A

B

51
Q

Why might some small bacteria and viruses not be removed by filtration?

A) They are too large to pass through the filter
B) Filters are only effective for particles larger than 0.2 microns
C) They can pass through filters smaller than 0.2 microns
D) Filtration doesn’t work for liquid solutions
E) Filters are effective only for air, not solutions

A

C

52
Q

What is the temperature and duration for the classic method of pasteurization for milk?

A) 145°C for 4 seconds
B) 72°C for 15 seconds
C) 65°C for 30 minutes
D) 121°C for 15 minutes
E) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours

A

C

53
Q

In ultra-high temperature pasteurization, what temperature is the liquid sprayed on heated surfaces?

A) 72°C
B) 65°C
C) 145°C
D) 121°C
E) 160-170°C

A

C

54
Q

Which method is used to sterilize liquids and milk by exposing them to high temperatures for a short duration?

A) Moist heat
B) Dry heat
C) Filtration
D) High-temp short-time pasteurization
E) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization

A

D

55
Q

Which type of radiation can cause mutations in human tissue?

A) UV radiation
B) Gamma rays & X-rays
C) Microwave radiation
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Moist heat

A

B

56
Q

What percentage of sunlight is composed of UVA rays?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%

A

E

57
Q

Which radiation method can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers?

A) Gamma rays & X-rays
B) UV radiation
C) Microwave radiation
D) Moist heat
E) Filtration

A

B

58
Q

What is a characteristic of bacterial endospores regarding microwave radiation?

A) They are easily penetrated
B) They contain water and are damaged
C) They do not contain water and are not damaged
D) They are evenly penetrated by microwaves
E) They are sensitive to heat

A

C

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of using UV radiation for sterilization?

A) High cost and long duration
B) Causes skin damage and doesn’t penetrate paper, glass, and cloth
C) Ineffective on solid foods
D) Causes excessive heat
E) Requires high energy consumption

A

B

60
Q

Which sterilization method is useful for removing bacteria from air and solutions but may miss some small bacteria and viruses?

A) Moist heat
B) Dry heat
C) Filtration
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Microwave radiation

A

C

61
Q

Why are spores not included in the effectiveness of ultra-high temperature pasteurization?

A) They are too small to be affected
B) They are heat-resistant
C) They contain too much water
D) They are rapidly cooled
E) They are dehydrated

A

B

62
Q

What percentage of sunlight is composed of UCB rays?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%

A

A

63
Q

Which of the following is not a gas vapor sterilant?

A) Ethylene oxide
B) Glutaraldehyde
C) Formaldehyde gas
D) Hydrogen peroxide vapors
E) UV radiation

A

E

64
Q

What is a key property of ethylene oxide as a sterilant?

A) Kills all microbes and endospores within 30 minutes
B) Toxic and explosive in pure form
C) Less irritating than formaldehyde
D) Commonly used in embalming
E) Non-toxic and non-penetrative

A

B

65
Q

Why is glutaraldehyde considered effective for disinfection?

A) More irritating than formaldehyde
B) Used in hospital instrument disinfection
C) Not a sterilizing agent
D) Used in household cleaning
E) Non-toxic

A

B

66
Q

What is the primary use of disinfection?

A) Killing all microbes including spores on living tissue
B) Destroying most pathogenic microorganisms on non-living objects
C) Sterilizing food products
D) Killing microbes in water
E) Sterilizing surgical instruments

A

B

67
Q

Which category of disinfection is considered most effective and approaches sterilization?

A) Low level
B) Intermediate level
C) High level
D) Basic level
E) Standard level

A

C

68
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good disinfectant?

A) Antimicrobial activity
B) Stability
C) Toxicity
D) Smells good
E) Low cost

A

C

69
Q

What factors influence the effectiveness of disinfection procedures?

A) Type and concentration of disinfectant only
B) Nature of the item to be disinfected only
C) All of the listed factors
D) Duration and temperature of exposure only
E) Amount of organic material present only

A

C

70
Q

Which of the following is not a major category of disinfectants?

A) Phenol
B) Heavy metal
C) Halogens
D) Enzymes
E) Detergents

A

D

71
Q

For how long does ethylene oxide typically need to be exposed to effectively sterilize equipment?

A) 1-2 hours
B) 15 minutes
C) 4-18 hours
D) 30 minutes
E) 72 hours

A

C

72
Q

Which gas vapor sterilant is commonly used for sterilizing mattresses and large equipment in hospitals?

A) Glutaraldehyde
B) Ethylene oxide
C) Formaldehyde gas
D) Plasma gas
E) Paracetic acid

A

B

73
Q

What is one of the main uses of glutaraldehyde outside of disinfection?

A) Sterilizing surgical instruments
B) Food preservation
C) Embalming in mortuaries
D) Air purification
E) Water treatment

A

C

74
Q

What level of disinfection might allow spore forms to survive?

A) High level
B) Intermediate level
C) Low level
D) Basic level
E) Complete sterilization

A

B

75
Q

Which property is not essential for a good disinfectant?

A) Antimicrobial activity
B) High toxicity
C) Solubility
D) Stability
E) Low costWhich property is not essential for a good disinfectant?

A) Antimicrobial activity
B) High toxicity
C) Solubility
D) Stability
E) Low cost

A

B

76
Q

What influences the effectiveness of a disinfectant the most?

A) The amount of organic material present
B) The type of contaminating organism
C) The duration and temperature of exposure
D) All of the listed factors
E) The type and concentration of disinfectant

A

D

77
Q

What are common categories of disinfectants?

A) Phenol, Enzymes, Halogens, Detergents
B) Heavy metal, Alcohols, Enzymes, Detergents
C) Phenol, Heavy metal, Halogens, Detergents, Alcohols
D) Alcohols, Enzymes, Halogens, Detergents
E) Phenol, Alcohols, Enzymes, Detergents

A

C

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