bacteria metabolizm Flashcards

Question 1

Q

What is catabolism in the context of bacterial metabolism?

A) The process of building up compounds and storing energy
B) Chemical processes that occur within a cell
C) Breaking down compounds to release energy
D) Enzymes speeding up chemical reactions
E) Hydrolysis of large molecules

Question 2

Q

Which universal intermediate is formed during bacterial metabolism?

A) Acetyl-CoA
B) Pyruvic acid
C) Lactic acid
D) Ethanol
E) Citric acid

Question 3

Q

How do bacteria capture nutrients by group translocation?

A) By simple diffusion
B) By facilitated diffusion
C) By active transport into the bacterial cell
D) By transporting glucose while phosphorylating it in the absence of oxygen
E) By forming biofilms

Question 4

Q

Which glycolytic pathway is most important in medical pathways and found in almost all organisms?

A) Pentose phosphate pathway
B) Entner-Doudoroff pathway
C) Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
D) Glyoxylate cycle
E) Calvin cycle

Question 5

Q

What is a key feature of fermentation in bacteria?

A) Requires oxygen
B) Produces additional ATP
C) Reduces pyruvic acid to form organic acids or alcohols
D) Utilizes the electron transport chain
E) Produces CO2 and water

Question 6

Q

Which fermentation pathway is the basis of the methyl red test?

A) Lactic acid fermentation
B) Alcoholic fermentation
C) Mixed acid fermentation
D) 2,3-Butanediol fermentation
E) Propionic acid fermentation

Question 7

Q

What is the primary role of NADH in glycolytic pathways during fermentation?

A) It is reduced to NAD
B) It is oxidized to form NAD, essential for continued glycolytic pathways
C) It produces additional ATP
D) It releases CO2
E) It provides a source of oxygen

Question 8

Q

Which process is not required for fermentation in bacteria?

A) Oxidation of NADH
B) Reduction of pyruvic acid
C) Release of gases (CO2/H2)
D) Presence of oxygen
E) Formation of reduced organic acids or alcohols

Question 9

Q

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What is the primary action of moist heat in microbial control?

A) It stabilizes protein structures
B) It coagulates microbial proteins
C) It dehydrates cells
D) It removes bacterial spores
E) It inactivates bacterial DNA
Correct Answer: B) It coagulates microbial proteins
How long and at what temperature is dry oven heat typically used for sterilization?

A) 1-2 hours at 120-130°C
B) 30 minutes at 65°C
C) 1-2 hours at 160-170°C
D) 15 minutes at 121°C
E) 4 seconds at 145°C
Correct Answer: C) 1-2 hours at 160-170°C
Which of the following filtration pore sizes is generally effective in removing bacteria from solutions?

A) 0.1 micron
B) 0.5 micron
C) 0.2 micron
D) 1.0 micron
E) 1.5 micron
Correct Answer: C) 0.2 micron
In pasteurization, what is the temperature and duration used in the classic method for milk sterilization?

A) 145°C for 4 seconds
B) 72°C for 15 seconds
C) 65°C for 30 minutes
D) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours
E) 121°C for 15 minutes
Correct Answer: C) 65°C for 30 minutes
Which type of radiation is used in food, drug industry, and medical instruments, and can cause mutations in human tissue?

A) UV radiation
B) Gamma rays & X-rays
C) Microwave radiation
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Moist heat
Correct Answer: B) Gamma rays & X-rays
What is a key disadvantage of using UV radiation for disinfection?

A) It doesn’t penetrate glass, paper, or cloth
B) It causes excessive heat
C) It is effective only against bacterial spores
D) It is expensive
E) It is less effective on solid surfaces
Correct Answer: A) It doesn’t penetrate glass, paper, or cloth
What is the main effect of microwave radiation on microorganisms in moist food?

A) It stabilizes protein structures
B) It dehydrates cells
C) It kills vegetative cells
D) It coagulates microbial proteins
E) It inactivates bacterial DNA
Correct Answer: C) It kills vegetative cells
Which method of heat sterilization is ineffective against spores due to their heat resistance?

A) Moist heat
B) Dry heat
C) Pasteurization
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Filtration
Correct Answer: D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
What percentage of sunlight is composed of UVA?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%
Correct Answer: E) 95%
What is a characteristic of bacterial endospores regarding microwave radiation?

A) They are easily penetrated
B) They contain water and are damaged
C) They do not contain water and are not damaged
D) They are evenly penetrated by microwaves
E) They are sensitive to heat
Correct Answer: C) They do not contain water and are not damaged
These questions cover the key points mentioned in the image, including moist and dry heat, chemical control, filtration, pasteurization methods, radiation types, and their effects.

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Here is a revised set of flashcard quiz questions that ensures all the information from the image is utilized:

What is the effect of moist heat on microbial proteins?

A) Stabilizes protein structures
B) Coagulates microbial proteins
C) Dehydrates cells
D) Removes bacterial spores
E) Inactivates bacterial DNA
Correct Answer: B) Coagulates microbial proteins
At what temperature and duration is a dry oven used for sterilization?

A) 120-130°C for 1-2 hours
B) 65°C for 30 minutes
C) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours
D) 121°C for 15 minutes
E) 145°C for 4 seconds
Correct Answer: C) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours
What is required to effectively sterilize with steam under pressure (autoclave)?

A) 30 minutes at 121°C
B) 15 minutes at 121°C
C) 1-2 hours at 160-170°C
D) 15 seconds at 72°C
E) 65°C for 30 minutes
Correct Answer: B) 15 minutes at 121°C
Why might some small bacteria and viruses not be removed by filtration?

A) They are too large to pass through the filter
B) Filters are only effective for particles larger than 0.2 microns
C) They can pass through filters smaller than 0.2 microns
D) Filtration doesn’t work for liquid solutions
E) Filters are effective only for air, not solutions
Correct Answer: C) They can pass through filters smaller than 0.2 microns
What is the temperature and duration for the classic method of pasteurization for milk?

A) 145°C for 4 seconds
B) 72°C for 15 seconds
C) 65°C for 30 minutes
D) 121°C for 15 minutes
E) 160-170°C for 1-2 hours
Correct Answer: C) 65°C for 30 minutes
In ultra-high temperature pasteurization, what temperature is the liquid sprayed on heated surfaces?

A) 72°C
B) 65°C
C) 145°C
D) 121°C
E) 160-170°C
Correct Answer: C) 145°C
Which method is used to sterilize liquids and milk by exposing them to high temperatures for a short duration?

A) Moist heat
B) Dry heat
C) Filtration
D) High-temp short-time pasteurization
E) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
Correct Answer: D) High-temp short-time pasteurization
Which type of radiation can cause mutations in human tissue?

A) UV radiation
B) Gamma rays & X-rays
C) Microwave radiation
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Moist heat
Correct Answer: B) Gamma rays & X-rays
What percentage of sunlight is composed of UVA rays?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%
Correct Answer: E) 95%
Which radiation method can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers?

A) Gamma rays & X-rays
B) UV radiation
C) Microwave radiation
D) Moist heat
E) Filtration
Correct Answer: B) UV radiation
What is a characteristic of bacterial endospores regarding microwave radiation?

A) They are easily penetrated
B) They contain water and are damaged
C) They do not contain water and are not damaged
D) They are evenly penetrated by microwaves
E) They are sensitive to heat
Correct Answer: C) They do not contain water and are not damaged
What are the disadvantages of using UV radiation for sterilization?

A) High cost and long duration
B) Causes skin damage and doesn’t penetrate paper, glass, and cloth
C) Ineffective on solid foods
D) Causes excessive heat
E) Requires high energy consumption
Correct Answer: B) Causes skin damage and doesn’t penetrate paper, glass, and cloth
Which sterilization method is useful for removing bacteria from air and solutions but may miss some small bacteria and viruses?

A) Moist heat
B) Dry heat
C) Filtration
D) Ultra-high temperature pasteurization
E) Microwave radiation
Correct Answer: C) Filtration
Why are spores not included in the effectiveness of ultra-high temperature pasteurization?

A) They are too small to be affected
B) They are heat-resistant
C) They contain too much water
D) They are rapidly cooled
E) They are dehydrated
Correct Answer: B) They are heat-resistant
What percentage of sunlight is composed of UCB rays?

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%
Correct Answer: A) 5%
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Here are flashcard quiz questions based on the information in the second image:

Which of the following is not a gas vapor sterilant?

A) Ethylene oxide
B) Glutaraldehyde
C) Formaldehyde gas
D) Hydrogen peroxide vapors
E) UV radiation
Correct Answer: E) UV radiation
What is a key property of ethylene oxide as a sterilant?

A) Kills all microbes and endospores within 30 minutes
B) Toxic and explosive in pure form
C) Less irritating than formaldehyde
D) Commonly used in embalming
E) Non-toxic and non-penetrative
Correct Answer: B) Toxic and explosive in pure form
Why is glutaraldehyde considered effective for disinfection?

A) More irritating than formaldehyde
B) Used in hospital instrument disinfection
C) Not a sterilizing agent
D) Used in household cleaning
E) Non-toxic
Correct Answer: B) Used in hospital instrument disinfection
What is the primary use of disinfection?

A) Killing all microbes including spores on living tissue
B) Destroying most pathogenic microorganisms on non-living objects
C) Sterilizing food products
D) Killing microbes in water
E) Sterilizing surgical instruments
Correct Answer: B) Destroying most pathogenic microorganisms on non-living objects
Which category of disinfection is considered most effective and approaches sterilization?

A) Low level
B) Intermediate level
C) High level
D) Basic level
E) Standard level
Correct Answer: C) High level
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good disinfectant?

A) Antimicrobial activity
B) Stability
C) Toxicity
D) Smells good
E) Low cost
Correct Answer: C) Toxicity
What factors influence the effectiveness of disinfection procedures?

A) Type and concentration of disinfectant only
B) Nature of the item to be disinfected only
C) All of the listed factors
D) Duration and temperature of exposure only
E) Amount of organic material present only
Correct Answer: C) All of the listed factors
Which of the following is not a major category of disinfectants?

A) Phenol
B) Heavy metal
C) Halogens
D) Enzymes
E) Detergents
Correct Answer: D) Enzymes
For how long does ethylene oxide typically need to be exposed to effectively sterilize equipment?

A) 1-2 hours
B) 15 minutes
C) 4-18 hours
D) 30 minutes
E) 72 hours
Correct Answer: C) 4-18 hours
Which gas vapor sterilant is commonly used for sterilizing mattresses and large equipment in hospitals?

A) Glutaraldehyde
B) Ethylene oxide
C) Formaldehyde gas
D) Plasma gas
E) Paracetic acid
Correct Answer: B) Ethylene oxide
What is one of the main uses of glutaraldehyde outside of disinfection?

A) Sterilizing surgical instruments
B) Food preservation
C) Embalming in mortuaries
D) Air purification
E) Water treatment
Correct Answer: C) Embalming in mortuaries
What level of disinfection might allow spore forms to survive?

A) High level
B) Intermediate level
C) Low level
D) Basic level
E) Complete sterilization
Correct Answer: B) Intermediate level
Which property is not essential for a good disinfectant?

A) Antimicrobial activity
B) High toxicity
C) Solubility
D) Stability
E) Low cost
Correct Answer: B) High toxicity
What influences the effectiveness of a disinfectant the most?

A) The amount of organic material present
B) The type of contaminating organism
C) The duration and temperature of exposure
D) All of the listed factors
E) The type and concentration of disinfectant
Correct Answer: D) All of the listed factors
What are common categories of disinfectants?

A) Phenol, Enzymes, Halogens, Detergents
B) Heavy metal, Alcohols, Enzymes, Detergents
C) Phenol, Heavy metal, Halogens, Detergents, Alcohols
D) Alcohols, Enzymes, Halogens, Detergents
E) Phenol, Alcohols, Enzymes, Detergents
Correct Answer: C) Phenol, Heavy metal, Halogens, Detergents, Alcohols
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What was phenol first used for, and by whom?

A) Antiseptic by Fleming
B) Disinfectant by Lister
C) Antibiotic by Pasteur
D) Sterilant by Koch
E) Antifungal by Jenner
Correct Answer: B) Disinfectant by Lister
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenol as a disinfectant?

A) Rarely used due to high cost
B) Rarely used due to being a skin irritant and having a strong odor
C) Widely used in food preservation
D) Ineffective against bacteria
E) Commonly used in household cleaners
Correct Answer: B) Rarely used due to being a skin irritant and having a strong odor
What is the role of iodine in disinfection?

A) Acts as a solvent
B) Combines with tyrosine in proteins and denatures them
C) Used to disinfect drinking water
D) Commonly used in detergents
E) Neutralizes acids
Correct Answer: B) Combines with tyrosine in proteins and denatures them
Which form of chlorine is the active ingredient in bleach?

A) Chlorine gas
B) Hypochlorous acid
C) Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
D) Chloramines
E) Hydrochloric acid
Correct Answer: C) Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
What is a key property of detergents in disinfection?

A) Only effective against bacteria
B) Act as surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions
C) Used exclusively for sterilizing surgical instruments
D) Ineffective against fungi
E) Only used for food preservation
Correct Answer: B) Act as surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions
Which alcohol is considered a better antiseptic than ethanol?

A) Methanol
B) Isopropanol
C) Propanol
D) Butanol
E) Pentanol
Correct Answer: B) Isopropanol
What is a common use of zinc compounds in disinfection?

A) Used to disinfect drinking water
B) Used in mouthwashes and as an antifungal agent in paint
C) Used in household cleaning products
D) Used in food preservation
E) Used to sterilize surgical instruments
Correct Answer: B) Used in mouthwashes and as an antifungal agent in paint
Which of the following is an oxidizing agent commonly used in disinfection?

A) Phenol
B) Zinc oxide
C) Sodium hypochlorite
D) Hydrogen peroxide
E) Isopropanol
Correct Answer: D) Hydrogen peroxide
What is the oligodynamic action in the context of heavy metal solutions?

A) High concentration is required for effectiveness
B) Very tiny amounts are effective
C) Only effective in large quantities
D) Ineffective in any concentration
E) Requires combination with other disinfectants
Correct Answer: B) Very tiny amounts are effective
Which heavy metal is used to kill algae in pools?

A) Silver
B) Mercury
C) Copper
D) Selenium
E) Zinc
Correct Answer: C) Copper
What is a notable characteristic of alcohols as disinfectants?

A) Leave a strong residue
B) Evaporate, leaving no residue
C) Effective against bacterial spores
D) Cause proteins to stabilize
E) Increase microbial resistance
Correct Answer: B) Evaporate, leaving no residue
Which disinfectant category includes compounds like chlorine and hypochlorous acid?

A) Phenols
B) Halogens
C) Detergents
D) Alcohols
E) Heavy metals
Correct Answer: B) Halogens
Which halogen compound is less effective as a germicide due to being easily inactivated by organic materials?

A) Iodine
B) Chlorine
C) Bromine
D) Fluorine
E) Astatine
Correct Answer: B) Chlorine
What type of detergent is used to mechanically wipe microbes off the skin before injections?

A) Anionic detergents
B) Cationic detergents
C) Non-ionic detergents
D) Zwitterionic detergents
E) Alcohol-based detergents
Correct Answer: E) Alcohol-based detergents
Which heavy metal solution is used for fungal infections and dandruff shampoos?

A) Silver
B) Mercury
C) Copper
D) Selenium
E) Zinc
Correct Answer: D) Selenium
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How can medical waste be classified?

A) As either solid or liquid
B) As either hazardous or non-hazardous
C) As either non-infectious or infectious
D) As either recyclable or non-recyclable
E) As either biodegradable or non-biodegradable
Correct Answer: C) As either non-infectious or infectious
What is required for all infectious waste?

A) Incineration for 60 minutes
B) Autoclaving for 90 minutes
C) Disinfection with chemicals
D) Freezing for 24 hours
E) Dry heat sterilization for 2 hours
Correct Answer: B) Autoclaving for 90 minutes
What type of waste includes tissues, organs, body parts, and body fluids removed during surgery and autopsy?

A) Microbial waste
B) Blood-saturated waste
C) Pathological and anatomical waste
D) Liquid medical waste
E) Isolation waste
Correct Answer: C) Pathological and anatomical waste
Which type of waste is also known as liquid medical waste?

A) Human blood and blood products
B) Sharps waste
C) Contaminated animal carcasses
D) Microbial waste
E) Pathological waste
Correct Answer: A) Human blood and blood products
What color bag is used for infectious waste such as bandages, gauze, and cotton?

A) Red bag
B) Blue bag
C) Yellow bag
D) Black bag
E) Green bag
Correct Answer: C) Yellow bag
What color bag is used for plastic waste such as catheters, injection syringes, and tubing?

A) Red bag
B) Blue bag
C) Yellow bag
D) Black bag
E) Green bag
Correct Answer: A) Red bag
What is stored in black bags (carboys)?

A) Needles without syringes, blades, sharps, and all metal articles
B) Infectious waste such as bandages and gauze
C) Plastic waste such as catheters and syringes
D) All types of glass bottles and broken glass articles
E) Human body parts and placenta
Correct Answer: A) Needles without syringes, blades, sharps, and all metal articles
Which type of waste is classified under hazardous medical waste?

A) Non-hazardous medical waste
B) Infectious waste
C) Radioactive waste
D) Anatomical parts
E) Household waste
Correct Answer: C) Radioactive waste
What application of bacterial genetics in industry involves degrading or detoxifying pollutants such as petroleum or pesticides?

A) Bioremediation
B) Biotechnology
C) Genetic engineering
D) Waste management
E) Biofuel production
Correct Answer: A) Bioremediation
What type of waste includes sharps, isolation waste, contaminated animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding?

A) Non-hazardous waste
B) Household waste
C) Radioactive waste
D) Pathological waste
E) Infectious waste
Correct Answer: E) Infectious waste
What is the procedure for handling non-hazardous medical waste?

A) Incineration
B) Disinfection and pre-treatment
C) Recovery through radioactive decay storage
D) Special incineration of human anatomical parts in a crematorium
E) Selective collection and non-hazardous waste storage facility
Correct Answer: E) Selective collection and non-hazardous waste storage facility
What are some examples of blood-saturated waste?

A) Sharps and broken glass
B) Tissues and organs
C) Items contaminated with blood that would release liquid if compressed
D) Human body fluids and bedding
E) Contaminated animal carcasses
Correct Answer: C) Items contaminated with blood that would release liquid if compressed
What are the components of human blood and blood products considered as liquid medical waste?

A) Sharps and syringes
B) Plasma and blood serum
C) Animal carcasses and bedding
D) Bandages and gauze
E) Plastic waste and tubing
Correct Answer: B) Plasma and blood serum
What type of waste includes bandages, gauze, and other objects contaminated with body fluids?

A) Sharps waste
B) Pathological waste
C) Infectious waste
D) Radioactive waste
E) Non-hazardous waste
Correct Answer: C) Infectious waste
What are the potential uses of bioremediation in the industry?

A) Sterilizing medical equipment
B) Treating infectious diseases
C) Degrading or detoxifying pollutants such as petroleum or pesticides
D) Producing antibiotics
E) Enhancing plant growth
Correct Answer: C) Degrading or detoxifying pollutants such as petroleum or pesticides
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Image Information:

Management of infectious medical waste
Types of infectious medical waste
Classification of medical waste into non-hazardous, hazardous, anatomical parts, etc.
Different colored bags for specific types of medical waste
Application of bacterial genetics in industry (bioremediation)
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