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Micro Biology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Spherical bacterial?

A

Cocci(coccus)

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2
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria ?

A

Bacilli(bacillus)

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3
Q

Some very short bacilli ?

A

Coccobacilli

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4
Q

Curved bacilli ?

A

Vibrious

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5
Q

Rigid bacteria ?

A

Spirilla(spirillum)

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6
Q

-no nucleus membrane
-no diploid genes
-non-membranous organelles exists
-ribosome made of 2 subunits
-cytoplasmic membrane doesn’t contain steroids
-respiratory via cytoplasmic membrane
-sexuality absent
-has more complex cell wall structure

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

-factor of pathogenicity
-composed of polysaccharides
-a layer adheres to the bacterial cell surface firmly
-protect from antibiotic

A

Capsule

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8
Q

prevent from phgocytosis
-protect from dehydration and loss of nutrients
-complex mass of thin polysaccharide fibers
-extends from the bacterial cell
-only seen by EM
-provides antigenic/pathogenic properties to bacteria
-protect from antibiotics
Hint:biofilm

A

Glycocalix

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9
Q

surrounds plasma(cell) membrane
-its shape determines the bacteria
-protects cell membrane against physical or osmotic lysis(inhibits cell disruption)
++removal of it results with round PROTOPLAST formation(cytoplasm+cell
membrane)
++its structure determines the gram staining characteristic of bacteria

A

Cell wall

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10
Q

rigid layer surrounding most of the prokaryotic cells
-helps to determine the shape of the particular bacterial cell
Hint:also known as murcein

A

Peptidoglycan

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11
Q

contains pseudoglycans or pseudomureins which is ?

A

Archae

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12
Q

Mycoplasma and Chlamydia has no______glycan

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Polysachharide of cell wall is made up of repeating disaccharides of ?
Hint:NAG and NAM

A

N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid(NAM)

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14
Q

N-acetlymuramic acid moraine 5 aminoacids which are?

A

L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, DAP, D-alanyl, D-alanine

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15
Q

The cutter of line between n-acetylglucosamine and N-acetlymuramic acid is ?

A

Lysosome

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16
Q

thick-multilayer cell wall consisting mainly of peptidoglycan
-peptidoglycan allow diffusion of metabolites to the plasma membrane
-enhanced resistance to osmotic lysis
Components
-proteins
-teichoic acid
-lipoteichoic acid
-complex polysaccharides

A

Gram+ bacteria

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17
Q

-large molecules
+gives(-) charge and strength to the cells wall
+antigenic
-bound to peptidoglycan
-associated with side chains
Spec of___acids

A

Thechoric acids

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18
Q

-associated with cell membrane
-antigenic
-cytotoxic
-adhesins
Spec of___acid

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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19
Q

-two layers external to cytoplasmic membrane
-thin peptidoglycan layer
-outer membrane
-two periplasmic space layers surrounding peptidoglycan layer
Hint:sometimes can be more resident than other type cell wall of bacteria

A

Gram- bacteria cell wall

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20
Q

surrounds cell like a stiff canvas sack(protect from phgocytosis
-maintains bacterial structure
-permeability barrier: to large molecules proteins such as lysoziyme, tho hydrophobic
molecules some antimicrobials
-provides protection from adverse environmental conditions: digestive system of the host
-possess major proteins: porins+outer membrane proteins(OMPs)
Possess lipopolysaccharide(LPS)layer

A

Outer membrane of bacteria

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21
Q

outer membrane proteins has receptors for

A

bacteriophages and F plasmid

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22
Q

Potions in outer membrane of gram- bacteria makes bacteria more?

A

Resistant to some drugs(penicillins)

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23
Q

-powerful stimulator of innate and immune responses
-consist of lipidA and polysaccharides
-lipidA: head of the molecule insets into membrane
-polysaccahrides: tail of the molecule faces the environments

A

Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)layer

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24
Q

-contains components of transport system for iron, proteins, sugars and other
metabolites hydrolytic enzymes
-in pathogenic species PS contains:virulence factors, collagenases, hyaluronidases,
proteases, beta-lactamases

A

Periplasmic layer

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25
Q

gram positive cells don’t decolorize with ?

A

Alcohol

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26
Q

gram negative cells are decolorized easily with ?

A

Alcohol

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27
Q

Alcohol dissolves____layers in bacteria staining

A

Lipid

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28
Q

Crystal violet washed away by ?

A

Alcohol

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29
Q

1st step of gram staining is ?

A

Application of crystal violet

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30
Q

2nd step of gram staining is?

A

Application of iodine

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31
Q

3rd step of gram staining is?

A

Alcohol wash

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32
Q

Last step of gram staining is ?

A

Application of Last counterstain(safrain,basic fuchsin)

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33
Q

In gram staining crystal violet is important for?

A

İdentification of a bacterial organism

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34
Q

-cant be stained with gram method
-thick lipid layer covers peptidoglycan layer of mycobacteria
-lipids–>waxes
-waxes binds carbon fuchsin(cant removed by acid-alcohol)

A

Acid Fast bacteria

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35
Q

-exists naturally w/o cell wall
-change in shape
hint:one of the wall-deficienct variant

A

Mycoplasmas

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36
Q

-develop when exposed to penicilin of lysozyme
-resynthesize their walls önce antibiotic is removed

A

L forms

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37
Q

____ is a gram+ bacteria which lost their cell wall

A

Protoplast

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38
Q

____is a gram- bacteria which lost their cell wall

A

Spheroplasts

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39
Q

seperates cytoplasm from enviorment
phospholipids protein structure
function: selective transport of molecules to inside outside of cell(barrier)

A

Plasma membrane

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40
Q

Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation
Is which type of diffusion?

A

Simple

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41
Q

____is occurs by proteins embedded in plasma membrane

A

Respiration

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42
Q

spesific proteins on mesosome attach to replicating DNA
Duplicated chrosomes is seperated
Cytoplasm is seperated
Septum(cross wall)is formed
2 daughter cells are produced
These are_____function of plasma membrane

A

Reproduction

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43
Q

constructive molecules of the cell wall
specialized carriers prote,ns
extracellular digestive enzyme
penicilin degarding enzymes
toxic compunds
These are specs of one of functions of plasma membrane which is?

A

Secretion of cell products

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44
Q

In a special environments some membrane proteins binds to specific molecules and ends signals to inside of cell
what this enviorment called?

A

Montoring enviorment

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45
Q

transferle small circular piece of DNA
can include few to many cells
not essential for bacterial growth
plasmid genes can be related to new products, resistant to antibiotic, resistant to environmental conditions
Specs of____

A

Plasmids

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46
Q

Deposit of nutrients
Glycogen, starch, energy store
Stain charateristically with certain dyes
Polybetahidroxybutyrate deposits
Metaphosphate deposits
Specs of_____
Hint:also known as cytoplasmic inclusion

A

Granules

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47
Q

-projecting through cell wall
-Has impact on motility
-Location and number differs among species(single flagellum, many flagella at one end, single or many)
Structure
A)Basal body
-rings embedded in cytoplasmic membrane rotate
-filament spins
B)Hook
C)Filament
Falgellum:consist of flagellin subunits includes DNA
Specs of_____

A

Flagella

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48
Q

_____filaments
-spirochetes possess
-fibers covered by cell wall
-give bacteria ending and flexing
-rotates around its longitudinal axis

A

Axial

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49
Q

-Has protein tubes(pilin)
-extends from cell
shorter thinner than flagella
Hint:also known as pilus

A

Pili

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50
Q

function of_____
sex pilus:conjugation(genetic exchange)
attachment to surfaces

A

Pili

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51
Q

-a some kind of long pili
-attach bacteria to surfaces and to each other(film) formation
Specs of_____

A

Fimbriae

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52
Q

-resistant to heat radiation
-dormant state:no growth, no detectable metabolism
Hint:ende means inside in latin

A

Endospores

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53
Q

-bacterial chromosome
-some ribosome exists
-CM invaginates and encloses it, impermable layers develop around core
hint:one of the spore layers in endospores

A

Core(protoplast)

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54
Q

-innermost layer
-contains normal type of peptidoglycan
Hint:one of spore layers in endospores

A

Spore wall

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55
Q

-thickest layer
-contains unusual type of peptidoglycan
Hint:one of spore layers in endospores

A

cortex

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56
Q

-composed of keratin like protein
-impermable layer
hint:one of the spore layers in endospores

A

Coat

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57
Q

-Has lipoprotein membrane with Come CH
-outermost layer
hint:one of spore layers in endospores

A

Exosporium

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58
Q

-heat absorption acidity damages spore coat
hint:1st step of germination process

A

Activation

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59
Q

-if the environmental conditions are favorable
-autolysin activated
-cortex peptidoglycan is degraded
-water is taken up
-outgrowth is active by biosynthesis
Hint:2nd step of germination process

A

Initation

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60
Q

In core of endospores_____provides stability and resistance to heat

A

Calcium dipcolinate

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61
Q

each genome has many____

A

Operons

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62
Q

Operons are made up of ?

A

Genes

63
Q

genes can be grouped into ıslandı such as ?

A

Pathogenicity islands

64
Q

Structure of bacterial genes maintained by ?

A

Polyamines

65
Q

In bacteria 2, initiation factors(IF) seperates small and large subunit of ribosome which are?

A

IF1 and IF3

66
Q

Which IF brings the initiator tRNA with aa’‘methionine’’ to the complex ?

A

IF2

67
Q

____is a gene in DNA that expressed into protein product

A

Exon

68
Q

____are non-coding DNA segments

A

İntrons

69
Q

____is a segment of DNA carring codons with specifing a particular polypeptide

A

Cistron

70
Q

_____genes can change locations

A

Transposons/jumping genes

71
Q

_____genes carry 1 or more other genes in addition to those which are essential for transposition

A

Transposons/jumping genes

72
Q

many antibiotic resistant genes are located on_____genes

A

Transposons/jumping genes

73
Q

____are transposable genetic elements that carry no known genes except those that are required for transportation

A

Insertion sequenses(IS)

74
Q

-mutations
-gene regulation
-site for plasmid ınsertion
These all happens in IS which is ?

A

Insertion sequences

75
Q

____ has extra chromosal DNA molecule

A

Plasmids

76
Q

_____ are self replicated for transportation

A

plasmids

77
Q

___ are usually circular and double stranded

A

Plasmids

78
Q

____ are associated wşth conjugation a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer

A

Plasmids

79
Q

type of plasmids

A

F(fertility) type
R(resistant) type
Col plasmids
Virtulence plasmid

80
Q

_____ type plasmids are responsible for conjugation and sex pill expressio

A

Fertility

81
Q

____type plasmids are responsible for resistance to antibiotic or poison

A

resistant plasmid

82
Q

_____type plasmids contains genes which act as bacteriocins

A

Col plasmids

83
Q

_____type plasmid has Virtulence genes

A

Virtulence plasmids

84
Q

____ group of genes or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit

A

Operon

85
Q

Operons are comprised of ?

A

An operator
A promoter and structural genes that are transcribed into 1 polycistronic mRNA

86
Q

_____ initiates transcription of a gene

A

Promoter

87
Q

_____ is a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression

A

Operator

88
Q

______(ORF) is part of a reading frame that has the potential to be translated

A

Open reading frame

89
Q

Method of inhibition expression of specific genetic products

A

Repression

90
Q

Lack of_____ allow for effective digestion of lactose through activity of Beta-galactosidase

A

Operon

91
Q

Lac of operons allow for effective digestion of lactose through activity of ?

A

Beta-galactosidase

92
Q

_____mutations are changes in DNA that doesnt change aa seq of protein

A

Silen mutations

93
Q

_____mutations is a change on codon to stop it from sythesis of protein prematurely

A

Non-sense

94
Q

_____mutations is a single aa change

A

Miss sence mutation

95
Q

____mutations are numarous base changes afres a small deletion or ınsertion

A

Frame shift mutations

96
Q

___mutations are extensive ınsertion or depletion changes or gross rearrangement of chrosmosome structure

A

knock out/ null mutation

97
Q

A mutation that in activates gene; mostly lethal for bacterioa

A

knock out/ null mutation

98
Q

how many repair mechanisms for DNA exists ?

A

Direct
Excision
Recombitional
error-prone

99
Q

_____repair is removal of DNA segment containing the damage followed by synthesis of a new DNA strand

A

Excision repair

100
Q

___repair is retrieval of missing info by genetic recombination when both DNA strands are damaged

A

Recombitional repair

101
Q

_____is a induction of many genes after DNA damage or interruption of DNA replication

A

SOS response

102
Q

_____ is Last resort of bacteria cell before it dies, uses to fill in gaps with random sequenses when a DNA templates is not availaable for directing an accurate repair

A

Error-prone repair

103
Q

what are the stages of growth of bacteria ?

A

lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase

104
Q

___phase has New environment and no detectable increase in number

A

Lag phase

105
Q

-cell begins to divide rapidly
-active dividing at maximum rate(more sensitive to antibiotics)
-fewer and fewer cekks divide(transitional into stationary phase)
Which bacterial growth phase is this ?

A

Log phase

106
Q

-no increase in population size
-producing of secondary metabolism
-aging
-some produces spores
-some shrink
Which phase of bacterial growth is this ?

A

stationary phase

107
Q

In microbiology, what type of environmental control system maintains a static environment for continuous cultivation of microorganisms?
1. Bioreactor
2. Chemostat
3. Fermenter
4. Photobioreactor

A

2.

108
Q

What is a chemostat?
1. A bioreactor where fresh medium is continuously added and culture liquid is continuously removed.
2. A bioreactor where nutrients are added intermittently to maintain a constant culture volume.
3. A bioreactor where microorganisms are cultured under fluctuating environmental conditions.
4. A bioreactor used only for batch cultivation of microorganisms.

A

1.

109
Q

What characteristic defines a chemostat in microbiology?
1. It allows for periodic addition of nutrients to the culture.
2. It maintains a constant culture volume.
3. It supports growth of microorganisms without any external control.
4. It is used primarily for sterilizing culture media

A

2.

110
Q

How does a chemostat facilitate easy control of growth rate in microbiology?
1. By maintaining a constant culture volume.
2. By adding nutrients intermittently.
3. By varying the temperature.
4. By using different types of media.

A

1.

111
Q

What are the factors affects growing bacteria ?

A

-temperature
-pH
-moisture
-CO2
-osmotic pressure
-light
-nutritional requirements

112
Q

Bacterial growth is slower at low tempatures because?

A

enzymes work less efficiently and lipids tend to harden

113
Q

Optimum pH range is wider in___than bacteria

A

Fungi

114
Q

______anaerobs can grow both im presence and absense of O2

A

Facultative

115
Q

O2 is lethal for_____anaerobs

A

Obligate/strict anaerobs

116
Q

baraphilic microbes require____pressure

A

Enormous

117
Q

Barotolerant microbes prefer_______pressure

A

Atmospheric

118
Q

______microbes are able to tolerate increased pressure

A

Barotolerant microbes

119
Q

_____ are salt loving microbes

A

halophiles

120
Q

Which of the following is the initial step in the synthesis of the cell wall peptidoglycan?

1.The transfer of the NAM-pentapeptide to a bactoprenol phosphate at the membrane surface.
2.The addition of UDP-NAG to the NAM-pentapeptide.
3.The synthesis of UDP derivatives of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in the cytoplasm.
4.The cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains.
5.The attachment of the peptidoglycan unit to the growing end of a peptidoglycan chain.

A

3.

121
Q

What forms the pentapeptide in the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.UDP-NAM with sequential addition of amino acids.
2.Bactoprenol phosphate.
3.UDP-NAG.
4.Glycines added using special glycyl-tRNA molecules.
5.Bactoprenol pyrophosphate carrier.

A

1.

122
Q

Which molecule adds NAG to the NAM-pentapeptide to form the peptidoglycan repeat unit?

1.UDP
2.Bactoprenol phosphate
3.UDP-NAG
4.D-alanine dipeptide
5.L-alanine

A

3

123
Q

What is the role of the bactoprenol pyrophosphate carrier in the peptidoglycan synthesis?

1.Synthesizes UDP derivatives.
2.Adds amino acids to UDP-NAM.
3.Transports the NAM-NAG peptidoglycan repeat unit across the membrane.
4.Releases a phosphate to return to the inside of the membrane.
5.Forms peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains.

A

3

124
Q

What happens during the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis?

1.UDP derivatives are synthesized.
2.Amino acids are added to UDP-NAM.
3.The NAM-pentapeptide is transferred to bactoprenol phosphate.
4.Peptide cross-links between the peptidoglycan chains are formed by transpeptidation.
5.The peptidoglycan unit is attached to the growing end of a peptidoglycan chain.

A

4

125
Q

Which antibiotic inhibits the addition of the pentapeptide to NAM?

1.Bacitracin
2.Vancomycin
3.Cycloserine
4.Penicillin
5.None of the above

A

3

126
Q

Which step involves the release of a phosphate from bactoprenol?

1.The synthesis of UDP derivatives.
2.The transfer of the NAM-pentapeptide to bactoprenol phosphate.
3.The addition of NAG to the NAM-pentapeptide.
4.The return of bactoprenol to the inside of the membrane.
5.The formation of peptide cross-links.

A

4

127
Q

What is required if a pentaglycine interbridge is needed in the peptidoglycan structure?

1.Special glycyl-tRNA molecules.
2.Bactoprenol phosphate.
3.D-alanine dipeptide.
4.UDP derivatives.
5.Cycloserine.

A

1

128
Q

Which carrier molecule is involved in the transport of the peptidoglycan repeat unit across the membrane?

1.UDP
2.NAM
3.NAG
4.Bactoprenol pyrophosphate
5.Penicillin

A

4

129
Q

Which of the following steps directly follows the transfer of the NAM-pentapeptide from UDP to bactoprenol phosphate?

1.Synthesis of UDP derivatives.
2.Addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM.
3.Addition of NAG to the NAM-pentapeptide.
4.Attachment of the peptidoglycan unit to the growing end of the peptidoglycan chain.
5.Release of a phosphate from bactoprenol.

A

3

130
Q

Which molecules are synthesized in the cytoplasm at the beginning of the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.NAM and NAG
2.UDP derivatives of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
3.Peptidoglycan repeat units
4.Amino acids
5.Pentapeptides

A

2

131
Q

How are amino acids added to UDP-NAM in the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.As single amino acids
2.As a single pentapeptide
3.As a dipeptide with two terminal D-alanines
4.Using ribosomes
5.With glycyl-tRNA molecules

A

3

132
Q

Where is the NAM-pentapeptide transferred to after being formed?

1.UDP-NAG
2.Bactoprenol phosphate at the membrane surface
3.Bactoprenol pyrophosphate carrier
4.The peptidoglycan chain
5.Glycyl-tRNA molecules

A

2

133
Q

Which molecule is added to the NAM-pentapeptide to form the peptidoglycan repeat unit?

1.UDP
2.NAG
3.D-alanine
4.L-alanine
5.Glutamic acid

A

2

134
Q

What occurs if a pentaglycine interbridge is required in the peptidoglycan structure?

1.Glycines are added using special glycyl-tRNA molecules
2.Bactoprenol phosphate adds the glycines
3.The ribosome synthesizes the interbridge
4.UDP-NAM incorporates the glycines directly
5.The peptidoglycan chain cross-links the glycines

A

1

135
Q

What is the role of the bactoprenol pyrophosphate carrier?

1.Synthesizes UDP derivatives
2.Adds amino acids to UDP-NAM
3.Transports the NAM-NAG peptidoglycan repeat unit across the membrane
4.Cross-links peptidoglycan chains
5.Forms the pentaglycine interbridge

A

3

136
Q

What happens after the NAM-NAG peptidoglycan repeat unit is transported across the membrane?

1.The peptidoglycan unit is attached to the growing end of a peptidoglycan chain
2.A phosphate is released to return bactoprenol to the inside of the membrane
3.The repeat unit is synthesized anew
4.Transpeptidation cross-links the peptidoglycan chains
5.Amino acids are added to form a pentapeptide

A

1

137
Q

What happens to bactoprenol after the peptidoglycan unit is attached to the growing chain?

1.It is degraded
2.It synthesizes another NAM-pentapeptide
3.It returns to the inside of the membrane and releases a phosphate
4.It forms the pentaglycine interbridge
5.It cross-links peptidoglycan chains

A

3

138
Q

What is the final step in the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.Synthesis of UDP derivatives
2.Addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM
3.Transport of the repeat unit across the membrane
4.Formation of peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains by transpeptidation
5.Return of bactoprenol to the inside of the membrane

A

4

139
Q

Which antibiotic inhibits the addition of the pentapeptide to NAM?

1.Bacitracin
2.Vancomycin
3.Cycloserine
4.Penicillin
5.Cephalosporin

A

3.

140
Q

What does vancomycin target in the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.It inhibits the addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM
2.It prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains
3.It inhibits the transport of the repeat unit across the membrane
4.It blocks the release of phosphate from bactoprenol
5.It prevents the synthesis of UDP derivatives

A

2

141
Q

Which molecule directly participates in the formation of peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains?

1.Bactoprenol phosphate
2.UDP-NAM
3.UDP-NAG
4.Transpeptidase enzyme
5.Glycyl-tRNA molecules

A

4

142
Q

Which component is essential for the transfer of the NAM-pentapeptide to the membrane surface?

1.UDP-NAG
2.Transpeptidase
3.Bactoprenol phosphate
4.D-alanine dipeptide
5.Glycyl-tRNA

A

3

143
Q

What happens to bactoprenol after it returns to the inside of the membrane?

1.It is degraded and excreted
2.It is reused after a phosphate is released
3.It forms a new peptidoglycan repeat unit
4.It binds to UDP-NAM
5.It adds amino acids to UDP-NAG

A

2

144
Q

Which molecule is involved in the cross-linking process of peptidoglycan chains?

1.UDP-NAM
2.Transpeptidase
3.Bactoprenol phosphate
4.UDP-NAG
5.L-alanine

A

2

145
Q

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits the formation of peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains?

1.Bacitracin
2.Vancomycin
3.Cycloserine
4.Penicillin
5.Cephalosporin

A

4

146
Q

What is the sequence of amino acids addition to UDP-NAM in peptidoglycan synthesis?

1.L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), D-alanine
2.D-glutamic acid, L-alanine, D-alanine, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
3.L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, D-alanine, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
4.L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), L-alanine
5.D-alanine, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), L-alanine, D-glutamic acid

A

1

147
Q

Which of the following steps is directly inhibited by bacitracin?

1.The synthesis of UDP derivatives
2.The transfer of the NAM-pentapeptide to bactoprenol phosphate
3.The transport of the NAM-NAG peptidoglycan repeat unit across the membrane
4.The release of phosphate from bactoprenol
5.The cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains

A

2.

148
Q

Which amino acid is added last to form the pentapeptide in the peptidoglycan synthesis process?

1.L-alanine
2.D-glutamic acid
3.Meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
4.D-alanine
5.Glycine

A

4

149
Q

What role does cycloserine play in peptidoglycan synthesis inhibition?

1.It inhibits the synthesis of UDP derivatives
2.It prevents the addition of terminal D-alanines to the pentapeptide
3.It blocks the transport of the peptidoglycan unit across the membrane
4.It inhibits the release of phosphate from bactoprenol
5.It prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains

A

2.

150
Q

Which molecule acts as a carrier for the peptidoglycan repeat unit across the membrane?

1.UDP
2.NAM
3.NAG
4.Bactoprenol pyrophosphate
5.Transpeptidase

A

4.

151
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of glycine in peptidoglycan synthesis?

1.Glycine is directly added to UDP-NAM
2.Glycine forms a pentaglycine interbridge using special glycyl-tRNA molecules
3.Glycine is part of the pentapeptide
4.Glycine is added to bactoprenol phosphate
5.Glycine is a carrier molecule for peptidoglycan units

A

2

152
Q

What is the role of vancomycin in peptidoglycan synthesis inhibition?

1.It blocks the addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM
2.It inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains by binding to the terminal D-alanine-D-alanine dipeptide
3.It prevents the transport of the peptidoglycan unit across the membrane
4.It inhibits the synthesis of UDP derivatives
5.It blocks the release of phosphate from bactoprenol

A

2.

153
Q

Which process ensures the elongation of the peptidoglycan chain during cell wall synthesis?

1.Synthesis of UDP derivatives
2.Addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM
3.Attachment of the peptidoglycan unit to the growing end of the peptidoglycan chain
4.Release of phosphate from bactoprenol
5.Cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains by transpeptidase

A

3

154
Q

Which enzyme is crucial for the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis involving the formation of peptide cross-links?

1.UDP-NAM synthetase
2.NAG transferase
3.Bactoprenol pyrophosphate carrier
4.Transpeptidase
5.Glycyl-tRNA synthetase

A

4

Micro Biology (7 decks)

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