Stereotyping and Prejudice

Question 1

(1) a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; (2) a cognitive representation that associates a social group with specific attributes in an oversimplistic way

Answer 1

stereotype

Question 2

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Answer 2

prejudice

Question 3

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its individual members

Answer 3

discrimination

Question 4

tendency to classify people into groups

Answer 4

social categorization

Question 5

tendency to classify people as ingroup or outgroup members

Answer 5

ingroup/outgroup categorization

Question 6

the tendency to perceive outgroup members as being more similar to each other than are members of one’s ingroup

Answer 6

outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 7

the tendency to have more negative attitudes towards outgroup members than towards ingroup members

Answer 7

ingroup-outgroup bias

Question 8

(1) assign group membership based on trivial criteria
(2) asked to rate fellow group members
(3) results:
rated in-group members more favorably than outgroup members, showing ingroup-outgroup bias

Answer 8

minimal groups procedure - method for studying group bias

Question 9

(1) we all have the basic need to maintain/enhance self-esteem
(2) self-esteem influenced by personal and social identities
(3) motivated to evaluate ingroups more positively than outgroups

Answer 9

social identity theory

Question 10

how do stereotypes effect us?

Answer 10

effect on social judgment and behavior and effect on stereotyped individuals

Question 11

social identity research

Answer 11

ingroup bias experience - increases self-esteem
self-esteem threat - increases ingroup bias
lower status group shows more ingroup bias
basking in reflected glory

Question 12

self-confirming fear that one’s behavior will verify a negative stereotype

Answer 12

stereotype threat

Question 13

how stereotype threats work:

Answer 13

(1) group members know about the stereotype
(2) in situations that may confirm the stereotype, they may become anxious
(3) anxiety interferes with optimal function, harming performance and confirming the stereotype

Question 14

ways to reduce the stereotype threat effect

Answer 14

(1) reframe the task
(2) reduce salience of threatened social identity or activate opposite
(3) provide role model
(4) educate

Question 15

reframe the task to reduce stereotype threat effect

Answer 15

approach: modify the task description so that stereotype isn’t activated
study: describing test as gender-fair reduced ST effect

Question 16

reduce salience of threatened social identity or activate opposite to reduce stereotype threat effect

Answer 16

approach: eliminate procedures that activate stereotype-relevant identity or include procedures that activate counter-stereotypic identity
study: moving demographics questionnaire to end of test, reminding female undergrads that they are students are prestigious universities

Question 17

provide role model to reduce stereotype threat effect

Answer 17

approach: provide role model that does well in stereotype-relevant domain
study: women reading essays about successful women show reduced ST effect

Question 18

educate to reduce stereotype threat effect

Answer 18

approach: explain ST effect and explicitly state anxiety may be due to stereotypes, not ability issues
study: women given education intervention showed reduced ST effect

Question 19

optimistic position about change in stereotypes

Answer 19

longitudinal study shows that stereotypes are diminishing by showing lower percentages of people checked “lazy” or “ignorant” as characteristic of African Americans

Question 20

pessimistic position about change in stereotypes

Answer 20

it is less socially acceptable to say that wouldn’t vote for a black person

this reflects more of a change in culture

public vs. private racial attitudes

Question 21

mixed position about change in stereotypes

Answer 21

stereotypes (association) and beliefs (accept as true) are different cognitive structures

an activated stereotype will influence behavior unless it is inhibited

Question 22

self-perpetuating nature of stereotypes

Answer 22

subtyping, illusory correlations, ultimate attribution error, stereotype suppression effects

Question 23

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”

this ultimately maintains the original stereotype because you avoid viewing them as an error

Answer 23

subtyping

Question 24

overestimating the strength of a relation between two distinctive or unusual events

Answer 24

illusory correlation

Question 25

tendency to attribute the negative behavior of a minority group member to dispositional characteristics and positive behavior to situational factors

Answer 25

ultimate attribution error