Altruism & Aggression

Question 1

altriusm

Answer 1

desire to increase another person’s welfare per se, without regard for one’s self-interest

Question 2

bystander effect

Answer 2

a person is less likely to provide help when other bystanders are present

Question 3

Latane & Darley’s 5 step model

Answer 3

does the person notice the incident?
does the person interpret the situation as an emergency?
does the person assume responsibility for helping?
does the person have the ability to help?
does the person decide to provide help?

Question 4

Step 1: does the person notice the incident?

Answer 4

obstacles: distraction and self-concerns

Question 5

Step 2: does the person interpret the situation as an emergency?

Answer 5

obstacles: ambiguity, pluralistic ignorance, relationship between attacker and victim

Question 6

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 6

tendency for people to assume nothing is wrong when others do not react

Question 7

Step 3: does the person assume responsibility?

Answer 7

obstacles: diffusion of responsibility

Question 8

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 8

when there are numerous people around, all of whom can take responsibility, it becomes less likely that any one person will actually help

Question 9

Step 4: does the person have the ability to help

Answer 9

obstacles: lack of competence

Question 10

Step 5: does the person decide to provide help?

Answer 10

obstacles: avoidance inhibition, costs exceed rewards, and social exchange theory

Question 11

avoidance inhibition

Answer 11

deciding not to help out of fear that one will not respond competently in front of others

Question 12

social exchange theory

Answer 12

human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs

Question 13

other factors that predict helping

Answer 13

mood, rewarded for previous help, modeling, deservingness of requester, specific (vs. general) helpee, location (urban vs. rural, specific cities?)

Question 14

egoism

Answer 14

helping for selfish reasons

Question 15

people tend to attribute their own helping to

Answer 15

altruism

Question 16

people tend to attribute other’s helping to

Answer 16

egotism

Question 17

four explanations for why people help

Answer 17

the empathy-altruism hypothesis
the mood management hypothesis
social and personal norms
evolutionary theory

Question 18

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 18

when we see a person in need, we empathize with his/her distress and help even if nothing is to gain

THERE IS ALTRUISM!

Question 19

empathy

Answer 19

vicarious experience of another’s experience

Question 20

mood management hypothesis

Answer 20

we help in order to avoid negative emotions
helping makes us feel good (avoid feeling bad)

EGOISTIC EXPLANATION

Question 21

social norms

Answer 21

general standards or expectations regarding appropriate behavior

Question 22

three norms about helping

Answer 22

norms of social responsibility
norms of reciprocity
personal norms

Question 23

norms of social responsibility

Answer 23

expectation that people will help those in need

Question 24

norms of reciprocity

Answer 24

expectation that people will help those that have helped them in the past

Question 25

personal norms

Answer 25

expectation that people gain through their own personal history regarding how people are supposed to behave

Question 26

evolutionary theory predictions

Answer 26

greater the genetic similarity, the more likely we will help them helping genetically similar people is more likely in threatening situations genetically similar people who are young and healthy are more likely to be helped

Question 27

kin selection

Answer 27

we are most likely to help close relatives who share our genes and will be able to pass them forward

Question 28

self-supportive

Answer 28

when recipient feels appreciated, validated and cared for

Question 29

self-threatening

Answer 29

helps convey a message that recipient is inferior helps deviate from norms or values help doesn't increase the probability of success or doesn't decrease the need for future assistance

Question 30

recipient double bind

Answer 30

direct benefit, but questions character or ability

Question 31

helper double bind

Answer 31

don't help to avoid sending negative message, but feel guilty if don't help

Question 32

aggression

Answer 32

physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt someone against their will

Question 33

types of aggression

Answer 33

emotional and instrumental

Question 34

how aggression is expressed

Answer 34

direct or indirectly

Question 35

emotional direct

Answer 35

employee gets angry and throws chair at boss

Question 36

emotional indirect

Answer 36

under cover of night, an angry tenant deflates ties of landlord's car

Question 37

instrumental direct

Answer 37

bank robber shoots a guard who attempts to thwart the robbery

Question 38

instrumental indirect

Answer 38

a women interested in a man asks his sister to tell the man a vicious rumor about his current girlfriend's infidelity

Question 39

biologically-based causes of aggression

Answer 39

instinct, genes, neurochemicals

Question 40

instinct

Answer 40

some philosophers say that humans are gentle creatures, changed by the world around them -- therefore we have a natural tendency for aggression

Question 41

genes

Answer 41

idea of behavioral genetics and that aggression is hereditary also an idea of gene interactions (epigenetics)

Question 42

neurochemicals

Answer 42

testosterone and serotonin | high levels of T and low levels of S increase aggression

Question 43

instrumental learning

Answer 43

the way we learn about aggression is when we get a positive feedback when we are aggressed

Question 44

observational learning

Answer 44

the idea that parents are a model for their children

Question 45

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 45

frustration leads to aggression aggression always results from frustrations

Question 46

frustration

Answer 46

blocking out goal directed behavior

Question 47

displacement

Answer 47

redirection of aggression

Question 48

REVISED frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 48

frustration is indirectly related to aggression frustration sometimes leads to aggression, not always

Question 49

situational determinants of aggression

Answer 49

aggression cues, heat, alcohol, direct provocation, viewing violence on TV and in movies

Question 50

aggression cues

Answer 50

anything in the environment linked to aggression (ex. cues)

Question 51

heat

Answer 51

heat = more aggression

Question 52

alcohol

Answer 52

more drunk = more aggressive

Question 53

direct provocation

Answer 53

if target of aggression, tend to agress back

Question 54

how viewing violence promotes violence

Answer 54

modeling/imitation, disinhibition, desensitization, attitude change

Question 55

ways to reduce aggression

Answer 55

catharsis, punishment, reality check, be proactive