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Social Psych > Altruism & Aggression > Flashcards

Altruism & Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

altriusm

A

desire to increase another person’s welfare per se, without regard for one’s self-interest

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2
Q

bystander effect

A

a person is less likely to provide help when other bystanders are present

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3
Q

Latane & Darley’s 5 step model

A

does the person notice the incident?
does the person interpret the situation as an emergency?
does the person assume responsibility for helping?
does the person have the ability to help?
does the person decide to provide help?

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4
Q

Step 1: does the person notice the incident?

A

obstacles: distraction and self-concerns

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5
Q

Step 2: does the person interpret the situation as an emergency?

A

obstacles: ambiguity, pluralistic ignorance, relationship between attacker and victim

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6
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

tendency for people to assume nothing is wrong when others do not react

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7
Q

Step 3: does the person assume responsibility?

A

obstacles: diffusion of responsibility

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8
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

when there are numerous people around, all of whom can take responsibility, it becomes less likely that any one person will actually help

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9
Q

Step 4: does the person have the ability to help

A

obstacles: lack of competence

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10
Q

Step 5: does the person decide to provide help?

A

obstacles: avoidance inhibition, costs exceed rewards, and social exchange theory

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11
Q

avoidance inhibition

A

deciding not to help out of fear that one will not respond competently in front of others

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12
Q

social exchange theory

A

human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs

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13
Q

other factors that predict helping

A

mood, rewarded for previous help, modeling, deservingness of requester, specific (vs. general) helpee, location (urban vs. rural, specific cities?)

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14
Q

egoism

A

helping for selfish reasons

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15
Q

people tend to attribute their own helping to

A

altruism

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16
Q

people tend to attribute other’s helping to

A

egotism

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17
Q

four explanations for why people help

A

the empathy-altruism hypothesis
the mood management hypothesis
social and personal norms
evolutionary theory

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18
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

when we see a person in need, we empathize with his/her distress and help even if nothing is to gain

THERE IS ALTRUISM!

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19
Q

empathy

A

vicarious experience of another’s experience

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20
Q

mood management hypothesis

A

we help in order to avoid negative emotions
helping makes us feel good (avoid feeling bad)

EGOISTIC EXPLANATION

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21
Q

social norms

A

general standards or expectations regarding appropriate behavior

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22
Q

three norms about helping

A

norms of social responsibility
norms of reciprocity
personal norms

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23
Q

norms of social responsibility

A

expectation that people will help those in need

24
Q

norms of reciprocity

A

expectation that people will help those that have helped them in the past

25
Q

personal norms

A

expectation that people gain through their own personal history regarding how people are supposed to behave

26
Q

evolutionary theory predictions

A

greater the genetic similarity, the more likely we will help them
helping genetically similar people is more likely in threatening situations
genetically similar people who are young and healthy are more likely to be helped

27
Q

kin selection

A

we are most likely to help close relatives who share our genes and will be able to pass them forward

28
Q

self-supportive

A

when recipient feels appreciated, validated and cared for

29
Q

self-threatening

A

helps convey a message that recipient is inferior
helps deviate from norms or values
help doesn’t increase the probability of success or doesn’t decrease the need for future assistance

30
Q

recipient double bind

A

direct benefit, but questions character or ability

31
Q

helper double bind

A

don’t help to avoid sending negative message, but feel guilty if don’t help

32
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt someone against their will

33
Q

types of aggression

A

emotional and instrumental

34
Q

how aggression is expressed

A

direct or indirectly

35
Q

emotional direct

A

employee gets angry and throws chair at boss

36
Q

emotional indirect

A

under cover of night, an angry tenant deflates ties of landlord’s car

37
Q

instrumental direct

A

bank robber shoots a guard who attempts to thwart the robbery

38
Q

instrumental indirect

A

a women interested in a man asks his sister to tell the man a vicious rumor about his current girlfriend’s infidelity

39
Q

biologically-based causes of aggression

A

instinct, genes, neurochemicals

40
Q

instinct

A

some philosophers say that humans are gentle creatures, changed by the world around them – therefore we have a natural tendency for aggression

41
Q

genes

A

idea of behavioral genetics and that aggression is hereditary
also an idea of gene interactions (epigenetics)

42
Q

neurochemicals

A

testosterone and serotonin

high levels of T and low levels of S increase aggression

43
Q

instrumental learning

A

the way we learn about aggression is when we get a positive feedback when we are aggressed

44
Q

observational learning

A

the idea that parents are a model for their children

45
Q

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration leads to aggression

aggression always results from frustrations

46
Q

frustration

A

blocking out goal directed behavior

47
Q

displacement

A

redirection of aggression

48
Q

REVISED frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration is indirectly related to aggression

frustration sometimes leads to aggression, not always

49
Q

situational determinants of aggression

A

aggression cues, heat, alcohol, direct provocation, viewing violence on TV and in movies

50
Q

aggression cues

A

anything in the environment linked to aggression (ex. cues)

51
Q

heat

A

heat = more aggression

52
Q

alcohol

A

more drunk = more aggressive

53
Q

direct provocation

A

if target of aggression, tend to agress back

54
Q

how viewing violence promotes violence

A

modeling/imitation, disinhibition, desensitization, attitude change

55
Q

ways to reduce aggression

A

catharsis, punishment, reality check, be proactive

Social Psych (9 decks)

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