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Social Psych > Reading Terms 2 > Flashcards

Reading Terms 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

A

prejudice

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2
Q

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)

A

stereotypes

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3
Q

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

A

discrimination

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4
Q

(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

A

racism

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5
Q

(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex

A

sexism

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6
Q

a motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups

A

social dominance orientation

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7
Q

believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

A

ethnocentric

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8
Q

a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

A

authoritarian personality

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9
Q

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

A

realistic group conflict theory

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10
Q

“us” - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

A

ingroup

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11
Q

“them” - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup

A

outgroup

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12
Q

the tendency to favor one’s own group

A

ingroup bias

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13
Q

people’s self protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality

A

terror management

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14
Q

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members; “they are alike, we are diverse”

A

outgroup homogeneity effect

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15
Q

the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

A

own-race effect

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16
Q

a person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination

A

stigma consciousness

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17
Q

explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)

A

group-serving bias

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18
Q

the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

A

just-world phenomenon

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19
Q

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”

A

subtyping

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20
Q

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

A

subgrouping

21
Q

a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, these have immediate effects

A

stereotype threat

22
Q

a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions

A

need to belong

23
Q

geographical nearness; powerfully predicts liking

A

proximity

24
Q

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” on attractiveness and other traits

A

matching phenomenon

25
Q

the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well; what is beautiful is good

A

physical-attractiveness stereotype

26
Q

the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what the other is missing

A

complementarity

27
Q

the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favor

A

ingratiation

28
Q

the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

A

reward theory of attraction

29
Q

a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it

A

equity

30
Q

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

A

self-disclosure

31
Q

the tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

A

disclosure reciprocity

32
Q

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

A

acceptance

33
Q

a “we feeling;” the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another

A

cohesiveness

34
Q

a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom; arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

A

reactance

35
Q

co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

A

co-actors

36
Q

(1) original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple to well-learned tasks better when others are present; (2) current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others

A

social facilitation

37
Q

concern for how others are evaluating us

A

evaluation apprehension

38
Q

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

A

social loafing

39
Q

people who benefit from the group but give little in return

A

free riders

40
Q

loss of self-awareness and evaluating apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

A

deindividuation

41
Q

a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself; makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions

A

self-awareness

42
Q

group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group

A

group polarization

43
Q

evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

A

social comparison

44
Q

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

A

pluralistic ignorance

45
Q

a mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

A

groupthink

46
Q

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

A

leadership

47
Q

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

A

task leadership

48
Q

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

A

social leadership

49
Q

leadership that, enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

A

transformational leadership

Social Psych (9 decks)

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