Reading Terms 2

Question 1

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Answer 1

prejudice

Question 2

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)

Answer 2

stereotypes

Question 3

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Answer 3

discrimination

Question 4

(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

Answer 4

racism

Question 5

(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex

Answer 5

sexism

Question 6

a motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups

Answer 6

social dominance orientation

Question 7

believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

Answer 7

ethnocentric

Question 8

a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

Answer 8

authoritarian personality

Question 9

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

Answer 9

realistic group conflict theory

Question 10

“us” - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

Answer 10

ingroup

Question 11

“them” - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup

Answer 11

outgroup

Question 12

the tendency to favor one’s own group

Answer 12

ingroup bias

Question 13

people’s self protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality

Answer 13

terror management

Question 14

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members; “they are alike, we are diverse”

Answer 14

outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 15

the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Answer 15

own-race effect

Question 16

a person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination

Answer 16

stigma consciousness

Question 17

explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)

Answer 17

group-serving bias

Question 18

the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 18

just-world phenomenon

Question 19

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”

Answer 19

subtyping

Question 20

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

Answer 20

subgrouping

Question 21

a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, these have immediate effects

Answer 21

stereotype threat

Question 22

a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions

Answer 22

need to belong

Question 23

geographical nearness; powerfully predicts liking

Answer 23

proximity

Question 24

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” on attractiveness and other traits

Answer 24

matching phenomenon

Question 25

the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well; what is beautiful is good

Answer 25

physical-attractiveness stereotype

Question 26

the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what the other is missing

Answer 26

complementarity

Question 27

the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favor

Answer 27

ingratiation

Question 28

the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

Answer 28

reward theory of attraction

Question 29

a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it

Answer 29

equity

Question 30

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 30

self-disclosure

Question 31

the tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

Answer 31

disclosure reciprocity

Question 32

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

Answer 32

acceptance

Question 33

a “we feeling;” the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another

Answer 33

cohesiveness

Question 34

a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom; arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

Answer 34

reactance

Question 35

co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

Answer 35

co-actors

Question 36

(1) original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple to well-learned tasks better when others are present; (2) current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others

Answer 36

social facilitation

Question 37

concern for how others are evaluating us

Answer 37

evaluation apprehension

Question 38

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Answer 38

social loafing

Question 39

people who benefit from the group but give little in return

Answer 39

free riders

Question 40

loss of self-awareness and evaluating apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

Answer 40

deindividuation

Question 41

a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself; makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions

Answer 41

self-awareness

Question 42

group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group

Answer 42

group polarization

Question 43

evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

Answer 43

social comparison

Question 44

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Answer 44

pluralistic ignorance

Question 45

a mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Answer 45

groupthink

Question 46

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Answer 46

leadership

Question 47

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

Answer 47

task leadership

Question 48

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Answer 48

social leadership

Question 49

leadership that, enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

Answer 49

transformational leadership