Reading Terms 2 Flashcards
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
prejudice
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)
stereotypes
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
discrimination
(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
racism
(1) an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex
sexism
a motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
social dominance orientation
believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
ethnocentric
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
authoritarian personality
the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
realistic group conflict theory
“us” - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
ingroup
“them” - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
outgroup
the tendency to favor one’s own group
ingroup bias
people’s self protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality
terror management
perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members; “they are alike, we are diverse”
outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
own-race effect
a person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
stigma consciousness
explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)
group-serving bias
the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
just-world phenomenon
accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”
subtyping
accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
subgrouping
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, these have immediate effects
stereotype threat
a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
need to belong
geographical nearness; powerfully predicts liking
proximity
the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” on attractiveness and other traits
matching phenomenon
the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well; what is beautiful is good
physical-attractiveness stereotype
the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what the other is missing
complementarity
the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favor
ingratiation
the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
reward theory of attraction
a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it
equity
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
self-disclosure
the tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
disclosure reciprocity
conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure
acceptance
a “we feeling;” the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another
cohesiveness
a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom; arises when someone threatens our freedom of action
reactance
co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity
co-actors
(1) original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple to well-learned tasks better when others are present; (2) current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others
social facilitation
concern for how others are evaluating us
evaluation apprehension
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
social loafing
people who benefit from the group but give little in return
free riders
loss of self-awareness and evaluating apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad
deindividuation
a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself; makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
self-awareness
group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group
group polarization
evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others
social comparison
a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
pluralistic ignorance
a mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
groupthink
the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group
leadership
leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals
task leadership
leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
social leadership
leadership that, enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence
transformational leadership
