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Social Psychology > Stereotypes 2 > Flashcards

Stereotypes 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two reasons why people stereotype?

A

1) Energy saving device

2) Simplifies information processing/eases cognitive load

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2
Q

What is a moderator?

A

A variable that affects the strength/direction of a relationship

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3
Q

What are the two processes outlined in Devines Dual-Process Theory?

A

1) Automatic Processes

2) Controlled Processes

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4
Q

What was the core objective of Devine’s study?

A

To determine whether stereotype activation occurs automatically

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5
Q

What are automatic processes (Devine)?

A

ST’s learnt in early childhood before personal beliefs
More frequently activated for LONGER than PBs
Activation becomes automatic

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6
Q

What are controlled processes (Devine)?

A

If people have the COGNITIVE RESOURCES, they can inhibit the stereotype and their PBs can override automatic activation

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7
Q

What was concluded from Devine’s study?

A

Everybody activates stereotypes, regardless of prejudice level

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8
Q

What theory did Devine posit?

A

Dual Process theory

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9
Q

What is the system justification theory?

A

People want to believe social systems are FAIR and LEGITIMATE

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10
Q

Once stereotypes are established, they tend to ______

A

Persevere

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11
Q

If individuals address members of a group that already has strong stereotypes, what kind of questions are likely to be asked, and why?

A

LEADING questions

To confirm the ST

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12
Q

How are ST’s formed?

A

1) Socialisation
2) Exposure/interpretation (bias)
3) Less contact with outgroups

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13
Q

How might socialisation lead to ST formation?

A

Family
Peers
Media portrayal

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14
Q

How might limited contact with outgroups lead to ST formation?

A

Superficial quality of interaction

Prevents us from really learning about them

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15
Q

How are stereotypes MAINTAINED?

A

1) Self-fulfilling prophecy
2) Stereo-type confirming info is better remembered
3) Important socio-norms
4) Easy activation

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16
Q

Stereotype activation is ______ for people who are most __________

A

Strongest

In need of change

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17
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Perceiving the world in a way that fits our existing beliefs

18
Q

Early views were that activation of STs is automatic. However, views now are that they are mainly moderated through ________________

A

Prejudice

Goal/motivation directed behaviour

19
Q

What is stereotype application?

A

Whether stereotypes are actually used when making a judgement

20
Q

What did Johnson and Macrae find when they gave participants a selection of Q/As from interviews with Physics students?

A

Pps chose to view more ST confirming than disconfirming Qs

21
Q

What is a Dual-Task paradigm?

A

2 tasks at once to see where resources are allocated

22
Q

What did the Dual-Task paradigm find regarding whether stereotype activation is automatic?

A

Recall BETTER when pps given a social category label

Saved cog resources

23
Q

Stereotypes may bias the information we seek, in a way that confirms the stereotype. What is this known as?

A

Confirmation bias

24
Q

How are stereotypes maintained through BIASED EXPOSURE?

A

Confirmation bias

25
Q

What is the ULTIMATE ATTRIBUTION ERROR?

A

Negative/stereotypic behaviours attributed to disposition

Positive behaviours attributed to situation

26
Q

You see a picture of a woman with a scowl on her face, and guess that she is a nasty person, with a nasty disposition. This is an example of…

A

Ultimate attribution error

27
Q

We tend to make more situational attributions (UAE) to males/females…

A

Males

28
Q

You are sat next to a Chinese student in a class. You assume he is very clever so often ask for his help - he is able to help you find the correct answers, but only out of pure coincidence. Because he is able to help, this confirms to you that he is highly intelligent. This is an example of…

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

29
Q

It was initially thought (Devine) that stereotypes are learnt in ______

These views have now been challenged, and it is thought stereotype activation is moderated by _____, _____ and ______

A

Childhood

Prejudice
Goals/Motivation

30
Q

What is a mediator?

A

A variable that CAUSES the relationship between two other variables

31
Q

The death of a friend causes a group of females you know to become very depressed and very hostile. The death of the friend acted as a…

A

Mediator

32
Q

1) Automatic processes (learnt in early childhood)
2) Controlled processes (personal beliefs, may override)

^What theory is this?

A

Devine’s Dual Process Theory

33
Q

Critically evaluate Devine’s (Dual Process Theory) research

A

Use of pejorative labels which activates hostility for all participants

34
Q

Participants who received negative feedback on a task from a black doctor…

A

Activate traits associated with the racial ST (quicker RTs) and inhibit those associated with the doctor ST

35
Q

People think stereotypes can serve to rationalise inequalities

What is this?

A

System Justification Theory

36
Q

If a person of a race stereotypically associated with hostility behaves in a hostile manner, it may be decided that this is because of who they are as a person, rather than because they’re having a bad day.

What is this an example of?

A

Ultimate attribution error

37
Q

Which study supports the theory of Ultimate Attribution Error?

A

Barrett and Bliss Moreau - ‘emotional people’ or ‘bad day’ study

38
Q

Two types of processing in Dual Process Theory of stereotype activation

A

Automatic

Controlled

39
Q

What is one criticism of Devine’s study?

A

Pejorative labels which activated hostility in EVERYONE

40
Q

In lexical decision tasks, what is measured?

A

Reaction time

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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