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Social Psychology > Personality Controversies > Flashcards

Personality Controversies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality thought to be an interaction between? (3)

A

a) Evolution
b) Genetics
c) Environment

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2
Q

How does the Phineas Gage case provide evidence for a biological approach to personality?

A

Frontal damage = loss of self control and executive functions

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3
Q

What does Phineas Gage case provide evidence for?

A

Biological approach to personality

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4
Q

Buss - Natural Selection in personality development

A

Proposed NS plays a role

Sometimes forced to change more quickly e.g. Christchurch earthquakes

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5
Q

Why might personality be changed to force more quickly?

A

Due to circumstance

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6
Q

What does Buss’s theory provide support?

A

Biological approach to personality

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7
Q

If personality is subject to change by NS, which traits will thrive?

A

Agreeableness, sociability etc

If the world remains a social environment

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8
Q

Which Psychologists were strong genetic-basis advocates?

A

Cattell, Eysenck and Goldberg

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9
Q

Where does the most convincing genetic evidence for personality come from?

A

Twin studies

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10
Q

What do twin studies of personality strive to find?

A

Evidence that MZ twins are more alike than DZ twins

Both are more alike than non twins

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11
Q

Loehlin & Nicholas investigated some of the Big 5 characteristics across twins…

A

25% shared variance in identical twins

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12
Q

Identical twins are more SIMILAR than non-identical twins in…

A

General abilities, e.g. intelligence

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13
Q

Identical twins are less similar in terms of…

A

Goals and interests

These are shaped by environment

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14
Q

Why might investigations into MZ twin similarities not be 100% representative?

A

MZ twins may be TREATED as more alike, affecting their personality via environmental route

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15
Q

Three pieces of evidence/theory to support a biological background for personality?

A

1) Phineas Gage
2) Natural selection (Buss)
3) Twin studies

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16
Q

What are 4 Psychosocial approaches/theories for personality?

A

1) Psychoanalytic
2) Humanist
3) Behaviourist
4) Socio-cognitive

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17
Q

Example of a Psych-analytic theory?

A

Freud

Interplay between id, ego and superego

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18
Q

Humanist theory

A

We are CREATIVE EXPERIENCERS of the world

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19
Q

Humanist theories are more _____ than Freudian theories

A

Optimistic

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20
Q

The humanist theory assumes that we are governed by…

A

Interactions and less so by fatalistic mechanisms

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21
Q

What do behaviourist theories assume…

A

Characteristic patterns of behaviour/feeling/thinking are governed by social/environmental interactions

22
Q

Classical and operant conditioning is linked to

A

Behaviourist theories of personality

23
Q

What do socio-cognitive theories believe?

A

Behaviours and attitudes are MODELLED

24
Q

What is a classic example of a behaviour being MODELLED?

A

Bandura’s Bobo Doll study

25
Q

Socio-cognitive theories of personality assume cognitive styles influence how we see the world, i.e.

A

Positive/negative
Stable/unstable
Global/local

26
Q

Which theory of personality assumes that a stable cognitive style could influence a positive mood?

A

Socio-cognitive

27
Q

What type of study can examine how a personality changes over time?

A

Longitudinal studies

28
Q

Why might it be difficult to interpret inherent personality change in longitudinal personality studies?

A

Some changes may be due to circumstances

29
Q

What do some studies suggest about personality change with age? (Edmonds, Hampson & Goldberg)

A

Stability from adolescence up until middle age

30
Q

Who conducted the main longitudinal study on personality?

A

Harris

31
Q

Harris’s longitudinal study was not as representative of the sample as it could have been - why was this?

A

Large participant dropout - reduced from 1.2k to 174

32
Q

What were the correlations in Harris’s longitudinal study?

A

Surprisingly poor correlations

33
Q

Harris -

What does conscientiousness in childhood predict?

A

Lower wellbeing in old age

34
Q

Harris -

What does emotional stability in childhood predict?

A

Higher wellbeing in old age

35
Q

Harris -

What does dependability in childhood predict?

A

High intelligence in old age

36
Q

What childhood characteristic did Harris find to predict lower wellbeing in old age?

A

Conscientiousness

37
Q

What childhood characteristic did Harris find to result in higher wellbeing in old age?

A

Emotional stability

38
Q

Who conducted one of the main cross-sectional studies of personality and how?

A

Soto, using a web-based survey using Big 5 measures

39
Q

Soto - Web Based Survey

The results found females to…

A

become/remain more AGREEABLE after adolescence

become more NEUROTIC until later adulthood

40
Q

Soto - Web Based Survey

There was a drop in ……. in adolescence, but a general increase with age

A

Conscientiousness

41
Q

Soto - Web Based Survey

We become less ……. in adolescence, then stay stable

A

Less extraverted

42
Q

Males become ____ introverted than females, and stay there until late in the lifespan

A

More

43
Q

Which gender is more extraverted?

A

Females

44
Q

When we look at facets rather than factors, do change patterns become more clear or less clear?

A

Less clear…

45
Q

The biggest personality changes occur in….

A

Adolescence

46
Q

The biggest personality changes occur in adolescence, which suggests it is a case of ______ rather than personality change

A

Temperament

47
Q

What is temperament

A

An individuals characteristic level of emotion/intensity

48
Q

Are gender differences big or small?
When do they even out?
(Soto)

A

Big

Late adulthood

49
Q

Can childhood personality predict late adult personality?

A

No - big changes occur in the timeframe between

50
Q

What are three traditional methods that were used to alter personality?

A

1) Surgical (e.g. lobotomy)
2) Electro-convulsive therapy
3) Aversion therapy

51
Q

What was aversion therapy commonly used to treat?

A

Aggression/homosexuality

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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