Step-by-Step

Question 1

what are the vocal folds doing in a voiceless sound?

Answer 1

tense and apart enough not to vibrate and allow uninterrupted airflow

Question 2

what are the vocal folds doing for a voiceless aspirated sound?

Answer 2

tense and maximally far apart, allowing maximal airflow through the glottis

Question 3

which sounds have a release step?

Answer 3

plosives, affricates, clicks, ejectives, implosives

Question 4

what step is unique to a nasal sound?

Answer 4

lowering the velum (down) allowing air into the nasal cavity

Question 5

what are the vocal folds doing in a voiced sound?

Answer 5

together and loose enough to vibrate creating pulsing airflow

Question 6

what are the lips doing for a voiced labiovelar approximant [w]?

Answer 6

close enough to constrict airflow but not close enough to induce turbulence

Question 7

what are the lips doing to make a bilabial fricative?

Answer 7

close enough to each other that airflow between them is turbulent

Question 8

what is the second step in creating the voiceless alveolar sound [ts]?

Answer 8

release: lower the tongue blade, but keep it close enough to the alveolar ridge that airflow between the two surfaces is turbulent

Question 9

what does the tongue do when creating the alveolar trill?

Answer 9

the tongue is close enough to the alveolar ridge and loose enough that it vibrates, creating a pulsing airflow between them

Question 10

what are the vocal folds doing for the voiceless velar ejective [k’]?

Answer 10

vocal folds are closed tight, so no air can pass between them

Question 11

what are the last steps in creating the voiceless velar ejective [k’]?

Answer 11

2) pressure buildup - raise the larynx, increase the pressure in the pharynx ABOVE atmospheric pressure
3) lower the tongue, allowing the pressurized air to rush OUT

Question 12

what are glottalic ingressive sounds?

Answer 12

implosives

Question 13

what are glottalic egressive sounds?

Answer 13

ejectives

Question 14

what are the last two steps in creating a voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]?

Answer 14

2) pressure change - LOWER the larynx, lowering pressure in the mouth BELOW atmospheric pressure
3) release - open the lips, allowing airflow to rush INTO the mouth

Question 15

what are the unique steps in creating the dental click [ǀ]?

Answer 15

2 constrictions:
1) the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth, blocking the airflow past that point
2) the body of the tongue touching the velum, blocking airflow past that point

Question 16

what are the vocal folds doing when creating clicks?

Answer 16

open and tense enough that they don’t vibrate, allowing uninterrupted airflow through the glottis

Question 17

what are the last steps in creating the dental click [ǀ]?

Answer 17

2) pressure change - lower the tongue body between the two closures, decreasing the air pressure there to BELOW atmospheric pressure
3) release - lower the tip of the tongue, allowing air to rush INTO the mouth

Question 18

what is the airstream mechanism we use to breathe out?

Answer 18

pulmonary egressive airflow

Question 19

what is the tongue doing for a voiceless aspirated retroflex plosive [ʈʰ]?

Answer 19

the tip of the tongue is close enough to the alveopalatal region to block airflow out of the mouth