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Phonetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A

lungs, muscles that expand and contract the lungs, air passages connecting the lungs to the atmosphere

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2
Q

what is considered the starting point of the speech production apparatus?

A

the larynx

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3
Q

what forms the vocal tract?

A

air passages from the larynx to the oral and nasal outlets

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4
Q

what is the larynx?

A

a structure of cartilage and muscle connecting the pharynx to the trachea

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5
Q

what are the vocal folds?

A

two muscle masses that go across the trachea

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6
Q

what is the glottis?

A

the space between the vocal folds

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7
Q

what is the root of the tongue and what can it do?

A

the vertical front wall of the pharynx that can move forward, enlarging the pharynx, or backward, constricting it

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8
Q

when the velum is up vs. down what happens?

A

when up, airflow is blocked from the nasal passage - when down, air flows through it

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9
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

at a constant temperature, lower volume = higher pressure - higher volume = lower pressure - if two spaces are connected, air flows from the space with higher pressure to the one with lower pressure until pressure is equal

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10
Q

how do you inhale?

A

enlarge the volume of the lungs by contracting the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles which decreases air pressure in the lungs causing Boyle’s law

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11
Q

how do you exhale?

A

you squeeze the lungs by the walls of the lungs and the intercostal muscles along the ribs to decrease their volume, increasing pressure in the lungs enacting Boyle’s law

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12
Q

what is the default airflow in speech?

A

pulmonary egressive airflow (breathing out)

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13
Q

true or false: all spoken languages use egressive airflow for their sounds

A

false; all languages use it but not for every sound

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14
Q

which sound is made by constricting airflow in the oral cavity?

A

an obstruent

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15
Q

what is an example of pulsing airflow?

A

blowing a raspberry/ the Bronx cheer

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16
Q

what is Bernoulli’s effect?

A

as the rate of airflow is increased, pressure perpendicular to the direction of flow is reduced

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17
Q

what are the steps to making [f]?

A

the lower lip touches upper teeth, the tongue is low enough to not interfere with airflow, the velum is up, vocal folds are open enough and tense, allowing uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale

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18
Q

what is a fricative?

A

a sound created by getting uninterrupted airflow through the vocal tract, and then putting an obstacle in the way of it

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19
Q

[f]

A

Fun

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20
Q

[θ]

A

THigh

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21
Q

[s]

A

Sigh

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22
Q

[ʃ]

A

SHy

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23
Q

[v]

A

Van

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24
Q

what determines the pitch of a voice?

A

the frequency of vibration (for men its longer and slower for women its shorter and faster)

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25
Q

[ð]

A

THy

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26
Q

[z]

A

Zoo

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27
Q

[ʒ]

A

aZUre

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28
Q

what are the steps for making [z]?

A

lips open enough to not constrict airflow, the tip or blade of the tongue is touching the alveolar ridge that airflow is turbulent, velum is up, vocal olds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale

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29
Q

[h]

A

Happy

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30
Q

why is [h] a unique sounds?

A

it is the voiceless aspirated version of the following vowel - it is a laryngeal

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31
Q

what is a laryngeal?

A

a sound without a place of articulation, distinguished only by the state of the vocal folds

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32
Q

true or false: when producing [h], airflow is turbulent

A

true; it is because the rate of flow is so high not because there is constriction

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33
Q

what is a stop?

A

a type of obstruent where sound is made with complete closure in the oral cavity, preventing any airflow out of the mouth

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34
Q

what is a plosive?

A

a type of stop made by building up pressure in the mouth behind a closure, then releasing it suddenly in a burst of turbulent air

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35
Q

what are the steps for creating [b]?

A

lips are closed, blocking airflow out of the mouth, tongue is down not interfering with airflow, velum is up, vocal folds are close and loose enough to vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale, OPEN THE LIPS, allowing pressurized air out

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36
Q

[b]

A

Buy

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37
Q

[d]

A

Die

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38
Q

[g]

A

Guy

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39
Q

what is an aspirated sound and how is it indicated?

A

produced with the vocal folds tense and spread wide apart at the constant release, allowing max airflow - indicated with [ʰ]

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40
Q

[pʰ]

A

Pie

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41
Q

[tʰ]

A

Tie

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42
Q

[kʰ]

A

Kite

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43
Q

what are the steps for creating [kʰ]?

A

lips far apart, back of tongue touches velum, velum is up, vocal folds are TENSE AND SPREAD maximally far apart, allowing maximal uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale, lower the tongue and allow pressurized air to rush out

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44
Q

voiceless aspirtated plosives ONLY occur where in English?

A

at the beginning of a syllable

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45
Q

what is the position of the vocal folds for a voiceless unaspirated sound?

A

apart and tense enough at consonant release that they don’t vibrate, but not far enough apart to allow maximal airflow

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46
Q

[p]

A

sPy

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47
Q

[t]

A

sTy

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48
Q

[k]

A

sKy

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49
Q

true or false: voiced sounds are never aspirated

A

true

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50
Q

true or false: a voiceless unaspirated plosive never occurs at the beginning of a syllable in English

A

true

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51
Q

what is a glottal stop?

A

the catch in the throat in uH-Oh - it is a voiceless placeless plosive

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52
Q

what are the steps to producing a [ʔ]?

A

lips are far apart, tongue is low, velum is up, vocal folds are close and tense so that no air can pass through the glottis, exhale, OPEN the vocal folds allowing air to rush out

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53
Q

what is an unreleased stop and how is it indicated?

A

produced with a closure as in a plosive, but without a release - indicated with [h̚]

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54
Q

[p̚]

A

toP, caPtor

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55
Q

[t̚]

A

poT, aTkins

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56
Q

[k̚]

A

talK, aCtor

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57
Q

[b̚]

A

laB, aBner

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58
Q

[d̚]

A

deaD

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59
Q

[ɡ̚]

A

baG

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60
Q

what are the steps to producing [b̚]?

A

lips closed, tongue down, velum up, vocal folds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale

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61
Q

unreleased obstruent stops occur ONLY where in English?

A

at the end of a syllable

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62
Q

a stop at the end of an utterance/before a pause is usually released or unreleased?

A

unreleased

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63
Q

what is an affricate?

A

a stop in which air pressure in the oral cavity is released through a passageway so NARROW that airflow through it is turbulent

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64
Q

[t͡ʃ]

A

CHime

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65
Q

[d͡ʒ]

A

JIve

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66
Q

what are the steps to making [t͡ʃ]?

A

lips are far enough apart, blade of the tongue touching alveopalatal region blocking airflow, velum is up, vocal folds far apart and tense enough that they do not vibrate, allowing uninterrupted airflow through the glottis, exhale building pressure, lower tongue blade, but close enough to alveopalatal region that airflow is turbulent

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67
Q

what are sonorants?

A

sounds produced with airflow that is NOT turbulent - produced by shaping the vocal tract to shape the sound

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68
Q

what is a nasal stop?

A

sound made by closing the oral cavity, allowing airflow out of the nose

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69
Q

[n]

A

Nun

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70
Q

what are the steps in making [n]?

A

lips far apart, tip or blade of tongue touching the alveolar ridge blocking airflow out of the mouth, velum is DOWN, vocal folds are close and loose enough that they vibrate creating PULSING airflow, exhale

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71
Q

[m]

A

My

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72
Q

[ŋ]

A

raNG

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73
Q

what is an approximant?

A

air passageways just wide enough that voiced airflow is not turbulent

74
Q

what is a lateral?

A

produced with the center of the tongue raised and at least one side down, allowing airflow around the side

75
Q

[l]

A

Love

76
Q

[ɫ]

A

fieLd

77
Q

what is the difference between the clear and dark “l”?

A

[l] is produced before a vowel, [ɫ] is produced after a vowel

78
Q

what is a glide?

A

an approximant consonant produced with an articulation like a vowel

79
Q

[j]

A

YEs

80
Q

[w]

A

Wear

81
Q

[ɹ]

A

Rye

82
Q

what is a retroflex r?

A

the tongue tip is raised toward the alveopalatal region

83
Q

what is a bunched r?

A

tongue body constriction at the center of the palate and the tongue root constriction in the pharynx

84
Q

[ɾ]

A

buTTon wriTer

85
Q

what is an accent?

A

the pattern of pronunciation for a particular community of speakers within a language

86
Q

the different accents in English are differentiated mostly by what?

A

pronunciation of vowels

87
Q

why is GA accent less distinctive than Southern for example?

A

because it is spoken in areas that have been more recently settled by English speakers

87
Q

what is a syllabic sound?

A

the acoustically most prominent sound in its syllable

88
Q

[i]

A

bEad

89
Q

[u]

A

whO

90
Q

[ɑ]

A

pOd

91
Q

[æ]

A

bAd

92
Q

vowel height is determined by what?

A

where the tongue is located in the mouth (ex: high vowels have the tongue high in the mouth)

93
Q

what is a tense vowel?

A

the tongue root is further forward and the tongue body is higher than the lax

94
Q

[ɪ]

A

bId

95
Q

[ɛ]

A

bEd

96
Q

[ʉ]

A

bOOted (twangy)

97
Q

[ʊ]

A

gOOd

98
Q

[ɔ]

A

bOUght (NY accent)

99
Q

[ʌ]

A

bUd

100
Q

[ɨ]

A

rosEs

101
Q

[ə]

A

sofA (generally at the end)

102
Q

[a]

A

survIve or hI (southern)

103
Q

[eɪ]

A

bAYed

104
Q

[oʊ]

A

OH

105
Q

[aɪ]

A

I

106
Q

[aʊ]

A

OW

107
Q

[ɔɪ]

A

bOY

108
Q

true or false: only sonorants can be syllabic consonants in English

A

true

109
Q

what is received pronunciation?

A

accent of English prevalent among the upper-class people of Southern England

110
Q

in RP [ɹ] can ONLY exist where?

A

before a vowel

111
Q

RP generally replaces the [ɹ] in GA with what sound?

A

[ə]

112
Q

explain deletion of [ɹ] in RP

A

postvocalic [ɹ] started to be deleted in the South of England (Essex) in the 16th century while the rest of England kept it

113
Q

what are accents that have a restriction on [ɹ] called?

A

nonrhotic

114
Q

what are accents that don’t have a restriction on [ɹ] called?

A

rhotic

115
Q

is GA rhotic or nonrhotic?

A

rhotic

116
Q

true or false: the American accent of New York is nonrhotic

A

true

117
Q

there are nonrhotic accents in America, why is this?

A

they were locations of important seaports in the 18th century meaning they had contact with elite British traders (Boston, NYC, Va, S.C., Ga.)

118
Q

Most English accents are rhotic, why is that?

A

they had moved further West to populate “new” areas, they were more rural and cut off from the Brits

119
Q

what is an innovative vs. conservative dialect?

A

an innovative dialect is changed from its original while conservative preserves the original (ex: GA preserves the [ɹ] while RP loses it)

120
Q

RP tends to replace the [æ] sound in words like “path” with what?

A

[ɑ] - “broad a”

121
Q

how did the “broad a” change occur?

A

the short “a” was generally front, but in 17th century in London a change was made that it was backed to an [ɑ] when it occured before “f” “th” or “s” (trap vs bath in RP) - this did NOT spread to America because it was being settled at the same time as this change arose

122
Q

RP does NOT have the tap, what do they have instead?

A

[t] or [d]

123
Q

how did the difference between the GA tap and the RP plosives occur?

A

after the 19th century, GA replaced alveolar plosives with the tap - extended through NA to Canada

124
Q

[ɒ]

A

pOt - RP

125
Q

RP has three low back vowels, but GA only has one - why?

A

GA merged [ɑ], [ɒ], [ɔ] all to [ɑ]

126
Q

how did the merging of low back vowels in GA occur?

A

initiated in the early 19th century in western New England and spread west through western expansion - it was not a shared change with England

127
Q

true or false: in both GA and RP words can end in [i] and [ɪ]

A

false; in GA a word can end in [i] but not in [ɪ] like in RP

128
Q

how did the difference between RP and GA in the final [i] or [ɪ]?

A

the two vowels merged in the US causing the [i] to be at the end of words but not [ɪ] - HOWEVER this is changing, younger RP speakers are adding [i] to the end of words

129
Q

why does RP have [ɒ] and [əʊ] but GA doesn’t?

A

RP developed these after its split with GA, they had no contact that would cause them both to obtain the change

130
Q

true or false: RP is a traditional, established pronunciation that is closest to Old English

A

false

131
Q

what monophthong do southern speakers use instead of the diphthong [aɪ] at the end of words?

A

[a] as in mY lIfe (S)

132
Q

why does the Northern accent differ from the Southern?

A

English speakers in the southeast were more bound together by economic ties with each other therefore it went through independent changes which simplified the diphthong to a monophthong

133
Q

true or false: younger southerners are more likely to have the monophthong [a] than older ones

A

true

134
Q

rather than the typical [eɪ] in words like “gate”, southern speakers sometimes have what?

A

[əɪ] or [əe] - starts further back

135
Q

rather than the typical [i] in words like “heed”, southern speakers sometimes have what?

A

[ɨi]

136
Q

what caused the change in the southern accent vowels from the GA?

A

the “southern shift” or a gradual shift of lax front vowels moving upward and tense front vowels moving back to the center

137
Q

when was the shift seen across the whole south?

A

mid-20th century

138
Q

what are the three main changes that occurred in the south?

A

monophthongization, the southern shift, raising of front vowels before nasals

139
Q

true or false: the southern accent is dying out

A

false

140
Q

what is accommodation or phonetic convergence?

A

the tendency for one interlocutor to move toward the other in phonetic properties over the course of an interaction

141
Q

explain Pardo’s study and what it showed

A

Pardo recorded pairs of students producing phrases 1. by themselves 2. when leading another student somewhere on a map 3. again by themselves after interacting with the other student - other students had to decide which version of solo test was closest to the pairing - proved accommodation

142
Q

explain Eckert’s study at Belten High and what it showed

A

1980-1984 Eckert studied two distinct groups “jocks” and “burnouts” in the same high school - showed that pronunciation patterns can correlate with social groups within high school

143
Q

what is plasticity?

A

the ability to adapt to lose stimuli - as you age you lose plasticity in speech

144
Q

in New York, everybody i very closely crammed together but there are still different accents there - why?

A

the city is segregated by race and class with little communication between them

145
Q

what is the term for speech communities separated by social distance?

A

social dialects

146
Q

what was Labov’s study of the Lower East Side?

A

samples from all types of social groups and situations (reading lists, interviews, spontaneous speech with peers) and studied the effects of class and formality on the postvocalic [ɹ] - he found that the presence or absence of the postvocalic r depends on the social group and/or the speaking situation

147
Q

is the NY accent rhotic or nonrhotic?

A

historically nonrhotic

148
Q

what were the results of Labov’s NY study based on class and age?

A

upper middle-class younger speakers had higher rates of postvocalic than older, lower middle-class older speakers had more than younger, in the working class there is no trend according to age

149
Q

when Labov played samples to people of his NY study, what did the he find?

A

the older participants didn’t see postvocalic r’s as more prestigious like the younger people did

150
Q

how was the nonrhotic pattern introduced to NY?

A

first introduced in the 18th century, associated with the london elite - NY was a port city at the time and took on the speech of the elite traders which spread through NY

151
Q

when did the younger speakers of NY begin to adopt the rhotic r?

A

mid-20th century

152
Q

NY tends to change the [æ] sound in words like “past” to what?

A

[ɛə]

153
Q

the change of the “eh” sound in NY was tracked in Labov’s study as well and showed what?

A

as the situation was more formal, all classes lowered their vowel closer to [æ] - lower classes still had the most raised vowel

154
Q

how did NY come to change the pronunciation of “eh”

A

like southern England they noticed a split between bath and trap in late 19th century and the split has stayed constant and does not vary significantly by age

155
Q

what is a change to [ð] and [θ] that is common in many English dialects?

A

they will begin with a dental affricate [dð] or [tθ] like “dat” or “dese”

156
Q

Labov reports that there are three variants in “dh” and “th” what are they?

A

[ð, θ], [dð, tθ], [d, t]

157
Q

true or false: according to Labov, only the lower class in NY uses the stop variable for “th” and “dh”

A

false: he said the vast majority of speakers in NY use both the stop and the affricate variant

158
Q

the difference in “dh” and “th” sounds in NY is a variable based on what?

A

class and formality NOT age

159
Q

true or false: the “ing” is more educated then “in” and is used more ofter

A

false; there is no such thing and pretty much all speakers of all regional accents use BOTH

160
Q

true or false: using “in” instead of “ing” is faster

A

false

161
Q

where did the ending “ing” derive from?

A

from old english when some items had the participle marker -inde/-ende and some from the verbal noun marker -inge/-enge BOTH merged and has been variation ever since

162
Q

what was unique about the effect of formality on the lower class’s use of “in”?

A

the effect of formality was greater for the lower class than the higher class (who tended more towards the formal variant as they spend more time in those circumstances)

163
Q

does age have an effect on the “in” vs “ing” variant?

A

no, there is a temp. dip in middle age though due to peak of income and power in life cycle

164
Q

in Labov’s study, men were significantly more likely to use “in” in place of “ing” than women - why might this be?

A

as women historically have less poewr they may strive for alternate sources of it such as their speech

165
Q

“in” and “ing” do not differ in meaning but they do differ in what?

A

social meaning in the relative frequency

166
Q

what is an idiolect?

A

the speech habits of a particular person

167
Q

what is a gesture?

A

a movement towards a target and back to the original position

168
Q

the different articulatory gestures that go into producing a speech sound have to be what in order to produce that sound?

A

coordinated with each other

169
Q

what is coarticulation?

A

vocal tract gestures for one sound overlap in time with gestures for another sound - we CANNOT speak without it

170
Q

in the word “dean” where does the nasal begin and why?

A

in the middle of the [i] because of coarticulation

171
Q

what is a nasal vowel and how is it indicated?

A

a vowel that is followed by a nasal and therefore becomes partly nasal itself - indicated with [ĩ]

172
Q

in a lateral approximant there are two constrictions what are they and are they simultaneous?

A

the tongue tip or blade at the alveolar ridge, and the side of the tongue body at the back of the palate - they are coordinated but not simultaneous

173
Q

what is the difference in tongue placement and movement for dark vs clear l?

A

the tongue tip moves before the tongue body for clear l, the tongue body moves before the tip for dark l

174
Q

what is electropalatography?

A

measures the contact with the roof of the mouth

175
Q

if a velar closure starts early enough in a word like “catkin” what can happen?

A

it can obscure the acoustic effects of the alveolar closure - the word is pronounced without hearing the “t”

175
Q

what is seen from the Broman and Goldstein study of the phrase “perfect memory”?

A

one can’t hear the “t” if spoken quickly enough - because the tongue body closure for [k] overlaps with the first part of the tongue tip closure for [t]

176
Q

wht is the average conversational rate of speaking?

A

5 syllables per second or 15 sounds per second 9can get to 9 syllables for sustained periods

177
Q

true or false: we speak faster by moving the moveable parts in our mouths more

A

false: we overlap more to speak fster

178
Q

why did early text to speech programs not work?

A

they didn’t take into consideration the sounds around each letter which affect how it is pronounced

Phonetics (10 decks)

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