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Phonetics > Sound Vocabulary > Flashcards

Sound Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

what is an obstruent? what are some types?

A

a sound made with turbulent airflow - fricatives, plosives, affricates

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2
Q

what is a fricative? give an example

A

sound produced by forcing air through a passageway so narrow (obstructed) that the air is turbulent - [f]

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3
Q

what is a laryngeal? give an example

A

sound made without a place of articulation which is distinguished by the state of the vocal folds - [h]

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4
Q

what is a stop? what are some types?

A

a sound made with complete closure in the oral cavity, preventing airflow out of the mouth - plosive, glottal stop, unreleased stop, affricate

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5
Q

what is a plosive? give an example

A

sound made by building up pressure in the mouth behind a closure then releasing it suddenly in a burst of turbulent air - [b]

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6
Q

what is a glottal stop? give an example

A

a catch in the throat like in the work uh-oh - [ʔ]

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7
Q

what is an unreleased stop? give an example

A

a closure, as in a plosive, but without a release and therefore no noise burst - [p̚] in “captor”

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8
Q

what is an affricate? give an example

A

a stop in which pressure in the oral cavity is released through a passageway so narrow the airflow is turbulent - [t͡ʃ] in “chime” or [d͡ʒ] in “jive”

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9
Q

what does it mean for a sound to be voiced?

A

sound made with vocal folds vibrating

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10
Q

what does it mean for a sound to be voiceless or unvoiced?

A

sound made without vibrating the vocal folds

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11
Q

a voiceless sound can be one of what two categories?

A

aspirated or unaspirated

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12
Q

what is an aspirated sound? give an example

A

sound produced with vocal folds tense and spread maximally apart allowing maximum airflow - [kʰ] in “kite”

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13
Q

what is an unaspirated sound? give an example

A

sound produced with vocal folds tense and spread sufficiently apart so airflow through the glottis is uninterrupted but NOT maximal - [k] in “sky”

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14
Q

what are sonorants? give an example

A

sounds produced with airflow that is NOT turbulent at normal voiced rates of airflow (vocal tract shapes sound) - [m]

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15
Q

what is a nasal stop? give an example

A

closure in the oral cavity, blocking airflow out of the mouth and through the nasal passage - [n] in the beginning of “nun”

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16
Q

what are approximants? what are some types?

A

air passageways just wide enough that voiced airflow is not turbulent - lateral, velarized “dark” lateral, unvelarized “clear” lateral, glides

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17
Q

what is a lateral? give an example

A

an approximant produced with the velum up and the center of the tongue raised and at least one side down, allowing airflow around the side - [l] in “love”

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18
Q

what is a velarized “dark” lateral [ɫ]?

A

same position as a lateral but the tongue body is far enough from the velum that airflow is NOT turbulent - [ɫ] in “feel”

19
Q

what is an unvelarized “clear” lateral [l]?

A

the tongue body constriction is farther forward, at the division between the hard and soft palate - [l] in “slip”

20
Q

what is a glide? give an example

A

an approximant consonant produced with an articulation like a vowel - [w] in “wear”

21
Q

how is the “bunched ɹ” sound made?

A

the tongue body constriction at the center of the palate and a tongue root constriction at the pharynx (most common)

22
Q

how is the “retroflex ɹ” sound made?

A

the tongue tip is raised toward the alveopalatal region with a tongue root constriction at the pharynx

23
Q

how is a alveolar tap made?

A

very rapid voiced stop produced by striking the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge without holding it there long enough for pressure to build up - tt in “Betty”

24
Q

what is a vowel?

A

syllabic sound (always) produced without significant obstruction of the airflow through the mouth

25
Q

what is a consonant?

A

syllabic or nonsyllabic sound with significant obstruction of the airflow through the mouth

26
Q

what is a syllabic sound?

A

the acoustically most prominent sound in its syllable

27
Q

what are the corner vowels?

A

[i], [u], [ɑ], [æ]

28
Q

what is a high vowel? which two in GA are this type?

A

made with the tongue high, just far enough from the roof of the mouth that airflow isn’t turbulent - [i, u]

29
Q

what is a low vowel? which two in GA are this type?

A

made with the tongue as low as it can get in the oral cavity - [æ, ɑ]

30
Q

what is a mid vowel?

A

made with the tongue body in between the high and low zones

31
Q

what is a front vowel? which two in GA are this type?

A

the highest point of the tongue body is underneath the hard palate - [i, æ]

32
Q

what is a back vowel? what two in GA are this type?

A

the highest point of the tongue body is underneath the velum - [u, ɑ]

33
Q

what is a central vowel?

A

the highest part of the tongue is underneath the border between the hard and soft palate

34
Q

what is a rounded vowel?

A

one made with rounded and protruded lips

35
Q

what vowels in GA are rounded and which are unrounded?

A

[u] is rounded and [i, ɑ, æ] are unrounded

36
Q

what is a tense vowel?

A

made with the tongue root further forward and the tongue body higher than in the corresponding lax vowel

37
Q

what vowels in GA are tense and which are lax?

A

[i, u] are tense and [ɑ, æ] are lax

38
Q

what are reduced vowels? which two in GA are this type?

A

vowels that can only occur in unstressed syllables - [ɨ, ə]

39
Q

what is a monophthong?

A

the only vowel sound in its syllable

40
Q

what is a diphthong?

A

a sequence of two vowel sounds in the same syllable

41
Q

what are the GA syllabic consonants?

A

[ɹ̩, ɫ̩, n̩, m̩]

42
Q

what is a stressed syllable?

A

it is more prominent than a corresponding unstressed syllable, having a longer duration

43
Q

the main word stress can be found by humming and is represented in IPA with what?

A

[ˈ] BEFORE the syllable

44
Q

secondary stress is marked with what in IPA?

A

[ˌ] BEFORE the syllable

Phonetics (6 decks)

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