Sound Vocabulary Flashcards
what is an obstruent? what are some types?
a sound made with turbulent airflow - fricatives, plosives, affricates
what is a fricative? give an example
sound produced by forcing air through a passageway so narrow (obstructed) that the air is turbulent - [f]
what is a laryngeal? give an example
sound made without a place of articulation which is distinguished by the state of the vocal folds - [h]
what is a stop? what are some types?
a sound made with complete closure in the oral cavity, preventing airflow out of the mouth - plosive, glottal stop, unreleased stop, affricate
what is a plosive? give an example
sound made by building up pressure in the mouth behind a closure then releasing it suddenly in a burst of turbulent air - [b]
what is a glottal stop? give an example
a catch in the throat like in the work uh-oh - [ʔ]
what is an unreleased stop? give an example
a closure, as in a plosive, but without a release and therefore no noise burst - [p̚] in “captor”
what is an affricate? give an example
a stop in which pressure in the oral cavity is released through a passageway so narrow the airflow is turbulent - [t͡ʃ] in “chime” or [d͡ʒ] in “jive”
what does it mean for a sound to be voiced?
sound made with vocal folds vibrating
what does it mean for a sound to be voiceless or unvoiced?
sound made without vibrating the vocal folds
a voiceless sound can be one of what two categories?
aspirated or unaspirated
what is an aspirated sound? give an example
sound produced with vocal folds tense and spread maximally apart allowing maximum airflow - [kʰ] in “kite”
what is an unaspirated sound? give an example
sound produced with vocal folds tense and spread sufficiently apart so airflow through the glottis is uninterrupted but NOT maximal - [k] in “sky”
what are sonorants? give an example
sounds produced with airflow that is NOT turbulent at normal voiced rates of airflow (vocal tract shapes sound) - [m]
what is a nasal stop? give an example
closure in the oral cavity, blocking airflow out of the mouth and through the nasal passage - [n] in the beginning of “nun”
what are approximants? what are some types?
air passageways just wide enough that voiced airflow is not turbulent - lateral, velarized “dark” lateral, unvelarized “clear” lateral, glides
what is a lateral? give an example
an approximant produced with the velum up and the center of the tongue raised and at least one side down, allowing airflow around the side - [l] in “love”
what is a velarized “dark” lateral [ɫ]?
same position as a lateral but the tongue body is far enough from the velum that airflow is NOT turbulent - [ɫ] in “feel”
what is an unvelarized “clear” lateral [l]?
the tongue body constriction is farther forward, at the division between the hard and soft palate - [l] in “slip”
what is a glide? give an example
an approximant consonant produced with an articulation like a vowel - [w] in “wear”
how is the “bunched ɹ” sound made?
the tongue body constriction at the center of the palate and a tongue root constriction at the pharynx (most common)
how is the “retroflex ɹ” sound made?
the tongue tip is raised toward the alveopalatal region with a tongue root constriction at the pharynx
how is a alveolar tap made?
very rapid voiced stop produced by striking the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge without holding it there long enough for pressure to build up - tt in “Betty”
what is a vowel?
syllabic sound (always) produced without significant obstruction of the airflow through the mouth
what is a consonant?
syllabic or nonsyllabic sound with significant obstruction of the airflow through the mouth
what is a syllabic sound?
the acoustically most prominent sound in its syllable
what are the corner vowels?
[i], [u], [ɑ], [æ]
what is a high vowel? which two in GA are this type?
made with the tongue high, just far enough from the roof of the mouth that airflow isn’t turbulent - [i, u]
what is a low vowel? which two in GA are this type?
made with the tongue as low as it can get in the oral cavity - [æ, ɑ]
what is a mid vowel?
made with the tongue body in between the high and low zones
what is a front vowel? which two in GA are this type?
the highest point of the tongue body is underneath the hard palate - [i, æ]
what is a back vowel? what two in GA are this type?
the highest point of the tongue body is underneath the velum - [u, ɑ]
what is a central vowel?
the highest part of the tongue is underneath the border between the hard and soft palate
what is a rounded vowel?
one made with rounded and protruded lips
what vowels in GA are rounded and which are unrounded?
[u] is rounded and [i, ɑ, æ] are unrounded
what is a tense vowel?
made with the tongue root further forward and the tongue body higher than in the corresponding lax vowel
what vowels in GA are tense and which are lax?
[i, u] are tense and [ɑ, æ] are lax
what are reduced vowels? which two in GA are this type?
vowels that can only occur in unstressed syllables - [ɨ, ə]
what is a monophthong?
the only vowel sound in its syllable
what is a diphthong?
a sequence of two vowel sounds in the same syllable
what are the GA syllabic consonants?
[ɹ̩, ɫ̩, n̩, m̩]
what is a stressed syllable?
it is more prominent than a corresponding unstressed syllable, having a longer duration
the main word stress can be found by humming and is represented in IPA with what?
[ˈ] BEFORE the syllable
secondary stress is marked with what in IPA?
[ˌ] BEFORE the syllable
