Step 3: Conduct the Study Flashcards
What are the basic steps to Step 3: Conduct the Study?
- Obtain ethical approval
- Recruit sample
- Collect data
Why might a pilot study or pilot interview be conducted?
Identifies potential problems and strategies to modify the research plan
What are the non probability sampling methods of sampling for quantitative research?
MEMORY: Clearly Quantitative Provides Measurable Conclusions
C - Convenience
Q - Quota
P - Purposive
M - Matching
C - Consecutive
What are the primary methods of sampling for qualitative research?
MEMORY: Cleverly Tells Personal Stories
C - Convenience
T - Theoretical
P - Purposive
S - Snowball/network
What is the population in a research study?
- Well-defined set that has certain properties
- Can be people, animals, objects, substances and/or events
What is the eligibility criteria in a research study?
- Population descriptors used to select subjects from the sample
o Examples include age, marital status, diagnoses, comorbidities, etc. - Referred to as inclusion/exclusion criteria
- Used to restrict the population to a homogenous group
- Increases accuracy of study findings
What is the target population in a research study?
- The entire set of individuals or elements who meet the eligibility criteria
- Who we are attempting to generalize the findings to
What is the accessible population in a research study?
- The portion of the target population to which the researcher has access
What is the sampling frame in a research study?
- The resource you can access the population
What is the sample in a research study?
- Those participating in the study
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
In this study, what group would all university students in Canada make up?
Population
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
In this study, what are the requirements of being 18-25 years old, single, and living in the dormitories considered?
Eligibility criteria
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain the needed information.
In this study, what group would make up all Canadian university students that are 18-25, single, and living in dormitories?
Target population
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
In this study, what group would all of the university students at MacEwan make up?
Accessible population
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
In this study, you use Meskanas in order to email all the students at MacEwan to ask them to participate in the study. What is Meskanas in this study?
Sampling frame
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
In this study, what group would make up the 50 people that meet the above criteria and consented to be part of the study?
Sample
What is the population descriptors used to select subjects from the sample in order to restrict the population to a homogenous group?
Eligibility criteria
What is the complete set group of individuals that have a common characteristic that is going to be studied?
Population
What is the entire set of individuals that meet the eligibility criteria?
Target population
What is the portion of the target population are available for the researcher to contact?
Accessible population
What is the resource a researcher can used to determine a sample?
Sampling frame
Can be as simple as a list of all the people
What is the group of people that are participating in the study?
Sample
What is the sample size?
The number of participants in the final sample
What is the key determinant of sample quality in quantitative research?
Adequacy of the sample size
What is a type II sampling error?
How is it prevented?
o Failure to reject null hypothesis and demonstrate significance in a statistical test
o Prevented by having a larger sample size
What is a basic rule to ensure that a quantitative sample size is large enough?
At least 30 participants for each variable in the study
What is a power analysis? How does it help determine the sample size of a quantitative research study?
Statistical calculation that includes
* Power level – an indicator of the probability of avoiding a type II error
* Level of significance – probability of occurrence happening by coincidence rather than design
* Effect size – strength of relationship between the variables (Strong relationship needs a smaller sample to demonstrate its existence)
* Sample size – determined once all other factors are set and determines the minimum number of participants required
What type of methodology requires smaller sample sizes that are based on informational needs?
qualitative research
What are some factors that should be considered in the qualitative research sample size?
Richness and depth of information being gathered
Lack may be due to a sample size that is too small
Data saturation
No new themes of phenomena are emerging
Aspiration, not an achievable outcome
Can be affected by data quality
Why might a qualitative research study lack richness and depth of the information that was gathered?
Sample size that is too small
What is data saturation?
No new themes of phenomena are emerging
Aspiration, not an achievable outcome
Can be affected by data quality
What is a representative sample?
What study type is this important?
How is it achieved?
A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population
Quantitative research
More easily achieved with
o Random selection
o Random assignment to groups (randomization)
What influences the sample size of a quantitative research study?
Increased control decreases the sample size
Degree of precision, which depends on reliable and valid instruments
Study design
Control over treatment
Control group
Sampling procedure and cost
How is the sample size of a quantitative research design generally determined?
Power analysis
What is another term for probability sampling?
Random sampling
Describe simple random sampling
A type of probability sampling
Uses a sampling frame – a list of all population elements
Examples:
Put all names in a jar
Use a number table
Use a number generator
As sample size increases, representatives increases
Involves random selection of elements from the sampling frame
Cumbersome
Not used in large, national surveys
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You determine that 793 people meet your requirements but you only need 50 for your study design. You decide to put everyone’s name in a jar and then draw them out to determine who you talk to. What is this sampling called?
Simple random sampling
A type of probability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You determine that 3% of the population have a 4.0 GPA, 40% are between 3.0-3.99, 43% are between 2.0-2.99, and 10% are between 1.0-1.99, and 4% are below 0.99 GPA.
You decide to ensure that your sample reflects these percentages. What type of sampling is this?
Stratified random sampling
A type of probability sampling
Define stratified random sampling
- Population is first divided into two or more strata, then select elements randomly from each subgroup
- Enhances representativeness
- Can sample proportionately or disproportionately from the strata
Define cluster/multistage sampling
A type of probability sampling
Successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units
o i.e. provinces, then postal codes, then households
Widely used in national surveys
Larger sampling error than in simple random sampling, but more efficient
Used when population is large or spread over a wide geographic area
Define systematic sampling
A type of probability sampling
Selection of every nth case from the available population using a random starting point
o i.e. selecting every 10th person on a patient list until desired sample size reached
Sample interval
o Standard distance between the selected elements
Define convenience sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
- May also be called an accidental sample
- Use of the most conveniently available people
- Most widely used approach by quantitative researchers
- Most vulnerable to sampling biases
- Weakest form of sampling but most used method
Define quota sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
Convenience sampling within specified strata of the population
Researcher will need to know the different strata that make up the population
Enhances representativeness of sample
o Ensures representation by certain groups
o i.e. % of men and % of women to match larger population
Define matching sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
* Used to obtain equivalent groups
* Subjects are matched on some characteristic that could affect the DV
o i.e. gender, age, income bracket, etc.
Define consecutive sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
* A first come, first serve idea
* Involves taking all of the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval, or for a specified sample size
* A strong non-probability approach for “rolling enrollment” type accessible populations
* Risk of bias low unless there are seasonal or temporal fluctuations
Define purposive sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
* Also called purposeful or judgmental
* Sample members are hand-picked by researcher to achieve certain goals because they have extensive knowledge/experience of the phenomena
* Used more often by qualitative than quantitative researchers
* Can be used in quantitative studies to select experts or to achieve other goals
May be based on typical cases, extremes, maximum variation, criterion, or by using confirming/disconfirming cases
What is maximum variation sampling in purposive sampling?
o Deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest
What is extreme case sampling in purposive sampling?
o Also called deviant case sampling
o Select cases from most unusual or extreme informants
What is typical case sampling in purposive sampling?
o Average or typical cases
What is criterion sampling in purposive sampling?
o Cases who meet a predetermined criterion of importance
What type of sampling is used towards the end of data collection when using purposive sampling during a study?
Confirming/disconfirming cases
What are confirming cases in purposive sampling?
What are disconfirming cases in purposive sampling?
When are these used?
Confirming cases fit researcher’s conceptualizations, therefore increase credibility
Disconfirming cases are new cases that do not fit; therefore, challenge researcher interpretations
Used towards the end of data collection
Define theoretical sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
* Used in grounded theory
* Selects participants who can add to theory development
* Helps researcher decide where to find data for optimal development of theory
* Based on findings that are emerging from the data
Define a volunteer sample
A type of nonprobability sampling
* Participants self-select
* Eagerness to participate may make them unrepresentative of the population
* May have ethical issues with vulnerable groups
o i.e. patients on the ward may feel like they have to volunteer
Define a snowball sample
A type of nonprobability sampling
* Also called network or chain sampling
* Referrals from other people already in the sample
* Used to identify people with distinctive characteristics
* Used both qualitatively and quantitatively
A study uses successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units, it starts with provinces, then postal codes, before finally looking at households. What type of sampling is this?
Cluster/multistage sampling
A type of probability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You decide to group all the students in building 9 based on the class they are in at 1:30 pm. You then randomly select some of these classrooms to obtain your sample. What type of sampling is this?
Cluster sampling
A type of probability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You have a list of 600 students that meet your criteria but only need 50. 8 is your favorite number so you contact every 8th person on the list until you reach your 50 person sample size. What type of sampling is this?
Systematic sampling
A type of probability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You decide to set up a booth and take the first 50 people that walk up to you that meet your criteria to be your sample. What type of sampling is this?
Consecutive sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You decide to set up a booth and take the first 50 people that walk up to you that meet your criteria to be your sample. Because MacEwan is 60% male students and 40% female students, you make sure that 30 of your sample are male and 20 are female.
What type of sampling is this?
Quota
A type of nonprobability sampling
Its like convenience sampling but you need a quota of each part of the population to ensure representativeness of the sample
You are trying to determine if a guided mediation session before the final exam improves the NURS 370 exam results as opposed to just simply sitting quietly on your own for 5 minutes prior to starting. You have 30 people in the class interested in the study.
You ask all 30 for age, gender, and how many hours per week they have been studying for this exam. You pair each participant with someone else that had similar answers to these questions.
What type of sampling is this?
Matching sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
Rather than try to contact everyone in the school, you decide to sample from the students in your cohort. What type of sampling is this?
Convenience sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
You are trying to determine the experience of 3rd year nursing students so you hand-pick 5 of your fellow cohort that have the knowledge and experience that you are looking to explore. What type of sampling is this?
Purposive sampling
A type of nonprobability sampling
You are attempting to develop a theory and so you determine participants for your study based on their what they can contribute to the theory development.
What type of sampling is this?
Theoretical sampling used for grounded theory studies
A type of non probability sampling
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You decide to put up a poster to generate some interest and allow those that respond to participate in the study. What type of sampling is this?
Volunteer sample
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You know a friend who is living in the dorms, so you ask them to ask their other dorm mates if anyone meets the criteria. Each of them ends up recruiting another few people until you reach the sample size you needed.
What type of sampling is this?
Snowball sampling
Also called network or chain sampling
What is a sampling error?
o Differences between sample values and population values
o Fluctuation of the value of a statistic from one sample to another drawn from the same population
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.
You calculated the results of your 50 person sample and then you repeat the study. The second time however, the results are very different from your first attempt.
What happened?
Sampling error
What is sampling bias?
o Systematic over- or under-representation of segments of the population on key variables when the sample is NOT representative
You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.
To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.
Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information. About 30% of MacEwan students are female, 67% are male, and 3% identify as non binary.
You run your test and realize that your sample is nearly all female (98%). What happened?
Sampling bias
o Systematic over- or under-representation of segments of the population on key variables when the sample is NOT representative
What are the types of probability sampling?
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
What are the types of nonprobability sampling?
Convenience
Quota
Matching
Consecutive
Purposive
Theoretical
Volunteer
Snowball
What are the different types of sampling specific to mixed methodologies?
Identical
o All participants are in both strands
Nested
o Some of the participants from one strand are in the other strand
Parallel
o Participants are either in one strand or the other
o Drawn from a similar population
Multilevel
o Participants are not the same
o Drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy
In what type of sampling are all the participants in both strands of a mixed methodological study?
Identical
In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are some of the participants in one strand also in the other strand?
Nested
In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are the participants drawn from a similar population but are either in one strand OR the other?
Parallel
In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are the participants drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy?
Multilevel
What is the identical sampling method of a mixed methodological study?
o All participants are in both strands
What is the nested sampling method of a mixed methodological study?
o Some of the participants from one strand are in the other strand
What is the parallel sampling method of a mixed methodological study?
o Participants are either in one strand or the other
o Drawn from a similar population
What is the multilevel sampling method of a mixed methodological study?
o Participants are not the same
o Drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy
What are the dimensions of quantitative data collection?
- Structure
- Quantifiability
- Obtrusiveness
- Objectivity
What are the principles of quantitative data collection?
Data collection protocols
o Identifiable and repeatable procedures that control data collection
Objective
o Not influenced by data collector
Systematic
o Collected in the same way each time
What does it mean to be able to operationalize the variables in a quantitative study?
- Translates concepts of interest into observable and measurable variables
- A variable can be measured and data collected in a variety of ways
- Data collection methods should be appropriate to the population, setting, etc.
What are the quantitative data collection types?
REMEMORY: quantitative is Really Objective Barely Subjective
Records/available data
Observational methods
Biophysiological measures
Self reports
What are advantages to in person interviews?
o Higher response rates
o Appropriate for more diverse audiences
o Opportunities to clarify questions or to determine comprehension
o Opportunity to collect supplementary data through observation
What are the types of quantitative self-reporting data collection types?
Interviews
Questionnaires
What are dichotomous questions?
Only have 2 answers such as yes/no or true/false etc.
Type of closed question used in interviews
What are rank order questions?
Put a list of 5 things from most important to least
Type of closed question used in interviews
What are forced questions?
No option for a neutral response and must choose 1 of 2 options
Type of closed question used in interviews
What are rating questions?
Rate an answer from 1-10, like our pain scales
Type of closed question used in interviews
What type of scale uses several declarative statements and ask the respondents to select on a continuum of agree to disagree?
Likert scale
What type of scale requires ratings for various concepts that involve bipolar adjective pairs with 7 point ratings?
For example: How do you find the instructor for this class?
Organized _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Disorganized
Reliable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ unreliable
Semantic differential scales
Describe Likert scales
o Consists of several declarative statements (items) expressing viewpoints
o Responses are on an agree/disagree continuum (usually 5 or 7 options)
o Responses to items are summed to compute a total scale score
Describe semantic differential scales
o Require ratings of various concepts
o Rating scales involve bipolar adjective pairs with 7-point ratings
o Ratings for each dimension are summed to compute a total score of each concept
For example: How do you find the instructor for this class?
Organized _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Disorganized
Reliable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ unreliable
What type of scale is used to measure subjective experiences such as the pain scale of faces?
Visual analogue scale
Describe visual analogue scales
o Used to measure subjective experiences
o Measurements are on a straight line measuring 100 mm
o End points labeled as extreme limits of sensation
o Example was the faces scale we use for pain
Describe Q-sorts
Participants sort a deck of cards into piles according to specific criteria
Cards contain statements to be sorted on a bipolar continuum
i.e. most like me to least like me
Usually 50-100 cards; usually 9 or 11 piles
What type of self-reporting quantitative data collection involves participants sorting a deck of 50-100 cards with statements on them that are sorted into 9-11 piles on a bipolar continuum?
Q-sorts
Describe vignettes
- Brief descriptions of situations to which respondents are asked to react
- Descriptions are usually written “stories”
- Respondents can be asked open-ended or closed-ended questions about their reactions
- Aspects of the vignettes can be experimentally manipulated
What type of self-reporting quantitative data collection involves a brief story followed by questions (opened or closed) about the participants reactions?
Vignettes
What type of observational methods would be exemplified by the researchers who watch nurses wash their hands to ensure they follow the proper procedure?
Structured
What type of observational methods do the researchers usually only know the phenomenon of interest but they enter the setting with no pre-conceived idea of what they are going to observe?
Unstructured
What data are observational methods used to obtain?
Data about behaviours and events
What types of observational methods might a researcher use when collecting quantitative data?
o Concealment without intervention (data collector is hidden)
o Concealment with intervention
o No concealment without intervention (participant can see data collector)
o No concealment with intervention
What are the two types of biophysiological measures that a researcher use when collecting quantitative data?
What does each entail?
In vivo measurements
o Within the living body
o Performed directly within or on living organisms
o i.e. blood pressure
In vitro measurements
o Performed outside the organism’s body
o i.e. urinalysis
How might a researcher obtain quantitative data without ever having to interact with the participant?
Using records or available data
What reflects the tendency of some people to respond to items in characteristic ways, independently of item content
Response set bias
What is response set bias?
- Reflect the tendency of some people to respond to items in characteristic ways, independently of item content
What are some examples of response set bias?
Social desirability - answering to make themselves look better
Extreme - answers extreme even if they don’t feel that way
Acquiescence - select positive responses more frequently (yea-sayers)
Nay-sayers - select negative responses more frequently
What bias involves a person concealing their true opinions in order to look better to others?
Social desirability response set bias
What bias involves a person answering with an extreme view, even if the don’t have an extreme opinion on the subject?
Extreme response set bias
What bias involves a person selecting a positive response more frequently?
Acquiescence response set bias (yea-sayers)
What bias involves a person selecting a negative response more frequently?
Nay-sayers
What is the extreme response set bias?
Answering with an extreme view, even if they don’t have an extreme opinion on the subject
What is the social desirability response set bias?
Concealing true opinion in order to make themselves look good to others
What is the acquiescence response set bias?
Yea-sayers
Person with an optimistic confident agreeable outlook
Basically, they select a positive response more frequently
What is the nay-sayers response set bias?
Selecting a negative response more frequently
Describe the qualitative data collection of ethnography projects?
Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues
Data types
o Mainly observation and interviews
o Also includes artifacts, documents, photographs, social network diagrams
Unit of collection
o Cultural system
Collection points
o Longitudinal
Length of data collection
o Months/years
Salient field issues
o Gaining entree
o Determining role
o Loss of objectivity
o Premature exit
o Encouraging openness
o Reflexivity
Describe the qualitative data collection of phenomenology projects?
Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues
Data types
o In depth interviews
o Sometimes written materials and diaries
Unit of collection
o Individuals
Collection points
o Cross-sectional
Length of data collection
o Moderate
Salient field issues
o Bracketing
o Building rapport
o Encouraging candor
o Listening while preparing the next question
o Keeping “on track”
o Handling emotional issues
Describe the qualitative data collection of grounded theory projects?
Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues
Data types
o Individual/group interviews
o Observations
o Diaries
o Documents
Unit of collection
o Individuals
Collection points
o Cross sectional
o Longitudinal
Length of data collection
o Moderate
Salient field issues
o Building rapport
o Encouraging candor
o Listening while preparing the next question
o Keeping “on track”
o Handling emotional issues
Describe self-reports as they apply to qualitative data collection
- Completely unstructured or semi-structured
- May be face-to-face, in writing, or online
May include
* Focus group
* Life histories
* Think aloud method (vignettes can be used)
* Personal diaries
* Photo elicitation
* Critical incidents technique
Describe focus groups
A form of qualitative data collection
o Data collected from multiple participants at the same time
o Guided discussions
o Led by a moderator using a topic guide
o Ideal size: 5-10 people
What are qualities for good questions to ask during a qualitative interview?
o Open ended
o Non-leading
o Singular
o Short
o Clear and precise
o Linguistically appropriate
o Non-assumptive
o Empathetic
When gathering data, what types of notes may be taken?
Jottings
Logs
Field notes
What type of note taking are just short notes jotted down quickly in the field and intended to not distract the researcher form their observations?
Jottings
What type of note taking involves keeping daily records of events and conversations?
Logs
What type of note taking and is more analytic and interpretive writing that may be observational, theoretical, and even personal?
Field notes
Describe jottings
Type of note taking
o Short notes jotted down quickly in the field
o Does not distract researcher from their observations or roles as participant observers
Describe logs
Type of note taking
o Daily records of events and conversations
Describe field notes
Type of note taking
o Broader
o More analytic
o More interpretive
May be
Observational
Theoretical
Methodological
Personal
What is reflection?
o Based on the idea that there is a reality that we can separate ourselves from
Describe reflexivity
o The idea that we continuously construct the meanings of our worlds and ourselves
o A set of continuous, collaborative, and multifaceted practices through which researchers self-consciously critique, appraise, and evaluate how their subjectivity and context influence the research process
Describe positionality
o Our history and experience influence how we approach research and interpret concepts
o Changes as time, place, and those we interact with changes
What are the two types of sampling plans?
Probability (random)
Non probability
What are the types of probability (random) sampling methods may be used in quantitative research?
- simple random sampling
- stratified random sampling
- cluster (multistage) sampling
- systematic sampling
