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NURS 344 > Step 3: Conduct the Study > Flashcards

Step 3: Conduct the Study Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic steps to Step 3: Conduct the Study?

A
  • Obtain ethical approval
  • Recruit sample
  • Collect data
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2
Q

Why might a pilot study or pilot interview be conducted?

A

 Identifies potential problems and strategies to modify the research plan

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3
Q

What are the primary methods of sampling for quantitative research?

A

MEMORY: Clearly Quantitative Provides Measurable Conclusions

C - Convenience
Q - Quota
P - Purposive
M - Matching
C - Consecutive

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4
Q

What are the primary methods of sampling for qualitative research?

A

MEMORY: Cleverly Tells Personal Stories

C - Convenience
T - Theoretical
P - Purposive
S - Snowball/network

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5
Q

What is the population in a research study?

A
  • Well-defined set that has certain properties
  • Can be people, animals, objects, substances and/or events
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6
Q

What is the eligibility criteria in a research study?

A
  • Population descriptors used to select subjects from the sample
    o Examples include age, marital status, diagnoses, comorbidities, etc.
  • Referred to as inclusion/exclusion criteria
  • Used to restrict the population to a homogenous group
  • Increases accuracy of study findings
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7
Q

What is the target population in a research study?

A
  • The entire set of individuals or elements who meet the eligibility criteria
  • Who we are attempting to generalize the findings to
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8
Q

What is the accessible population in a research study?

A
  • The portion of the target population to which the researcher has access
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9
Q

What is the sampling frame in a research study?

A
  • The resource you can access the population
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10
Q

What is the sample in a research study?

A
  • Those participating in the study
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11
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, what group would all university students in Canada make up?

A

Population

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12
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, what are the requirements of being 18-25 years old, single, and living in the dormitories considered?

A

Eligibility criteria

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13
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, what group would make up all Canadian university students that are 18-25, single, and living in dormitories?

A

Target population

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14
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, what group would all of the university students at MacEwan make up?

A

Accessible population

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15
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, you use Meskanas in order to email all the students at MacEwan to ask them to participate in the study. What is Meskanas in this study?

A

Sampling frame

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16
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

In this study, what group would make up the 50 people that meet the above criteria and consented to be part of the study?

A

Sample

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17
Q

What is the population descriptors used to select subjects from the sample in order to restrict the population to a homogenous group?

A

Eligibility criteria

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18
Q

What is the complete set group of individuals that have a common characteristic that is going to be studied?

A

Population

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19
Q

What is the entire set of individuals that meet the eligibility criteria?

A

Target population

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20
Q

What is the portion of the target population are available for the researcher to contact?

A

Accessible population

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21
Q

What is the resource a researcher can used to determine a sample?

A

Sampling frame

Can be as simple as a list of all the people

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22
Q

What is the group of people that are participating in the study?

A

Sample

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23
Q

What is the sample size?

A

The number of participants in the final sample

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24
Q

What is the key determinant of sample quality in qualitative research?

A

Adequacy of the sample size

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25
Q

What is a type II sampling error?

How is it prevented?

A

o Failure to reject null hypothesis and demonstrate significance in a statistical test
o Prevented by having a larger sample size

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26
Q

What is a basic rule to ensure that a quantitative sample size is large enough?

A

At least 30 participants for each variable in the study

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27
Q

What is a power analysis? How does it help determine the sample size of a quantitative research study?

A

Statistical calculation that includes
* Power level – an indicator of the probability of avoiding a type II error
* Level of significance – probability of occurrence happening by coincidence rather than design
* Effect size – strength of relationship between the variables (Strong relationship needs a smaller sample to demonstrate its existence)
* Sample size – determined once all other factors are set and determines the minimum number of participants required

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28
Q

What type of methodology requires smaller sample sizes that are based on informational needs?

A

qualitative research

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29
Q

What are some factors that should be considered in the qualitative research sample size?

A

Richness and depth of information being gathered
 Lack may be due to a sample size that is too small

Data saturation
 No new themes of phenomena are emerging
 Aspiration, not an achievable outcome
 Can be affected by data quality

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30
Q

Why might a qualitative research study lack richness and depth of the information that was gathered?

A

Sample size that is too small

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31
Q

What is data saturation?

A

 No new themes of phenomena are emerging
 Aspiration, not an achievable outcome
 Can be affected by data quality

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32
Q

What is a representative sample?

What study type is this important?

How is it achieved?

A

A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

Quantitative research

More easily achieved with
o Random selection
o Random assignment to groups (randomization)

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33
Q

What influences the sample size of a quantitative research study?

A

Increased control decreases the sample size

Degree of precision, which depends on reliable and valid instruments

Study design
 Control over treatment
 Control group

Sampling procedure and cost

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34
Q

How is the sample size of a quantitative research design generally determined?

A

Power analysis

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35
Q

What is another term for probability sampling?

A

Random sampling

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36
Q

Describe simple random sampling

A

A type of probability sampling

Uses a sampling frame – a list of all population elements

Examples:
 Put all names in a jar
 Use a number table
 Use a number generator

As sample size increases, representatives increases

Involves random selection of elements from the sampling frame

Cumbersome

Not used in large, national surveys

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37
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You determine that 793 people meet your requirements but you only need 50 for your study design. You decide to put everyone’s name in a jar and then draw them out to determine who you talk to. What is this sampling called?

A

Simple random sampling

A type of probability sampling

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38
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You determine that 3% of the population have a 4.0 GPA, 40% are between 3.0-3.99, 43% are between 2.0-2.99, and 10% are between 1.0-1.99, and 4% are below 0.99 GPA.

You decide to ensure that your sample reflects these percentages. What type of sampling is this?

A

Stratified random sampling

A type of probability sampling

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39
Q

Define stratified random sampling

A
  • Population is first divided into two or more strata, then select elements randomly from each subgroup
  • Enhances representativeness
  • Can sample proportionately or disproportionately from the strata
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40
Q

Define cluster/multistage sampling

A

A type of probability sampling

Successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units
o i.e. provinces, then postal codes, then households

Widely used in national surveys

Larger sampling error than in simple random sampling, but more efficient

Used when population is large or spread over a wide geographic area

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41
Q

Define systematic sampling

A

A type of probability sampling

Selection of every nth case from the available population using a random starting point
o i.e. selecting every 10th person on a patient list until desired sample size reached

Sample interval
o Standard distance between the selected elements

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42
Q

Define convenience sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling

  • May also be called an accidental sample
  • Use of the most conveniently available people
  • Most widely used approach by quantitative researchers
  • Most vulnerable to sampling biases
  • Weakest form of sampling but most used method
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43
Q

Define quota sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling

Convenience sampling within specified strata of the population

Researcher will need to know the different strata that make up the population

Enhances representativeness of sample
o Ensures representation by certain groups
o i.e. % of men and % of women to match larger population

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44
Q

Define matching sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* Used to obtain equivalent groups
* Subjects are matched on some characteristic that could affect the DV
o i.e. gender, age, income bracket, etc.

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45
Q

Define consecutive sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* A first come, first serve idea
* Involves taking all of the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval, or for a specified sample size
* A strong non-probability approach for “rolling enrollment” type accessible populations
* Risk of bias low unless there are seasonal or temporal fluctuations

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46
Q

Define purposive sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* Also called purposeful or judgmental
* Sample members are hand-picked by researcher to achieve certain goals because they have extensive knowledge/experience of the phenomena
* Used more often by qualitative than quantitative researchers
* Can be used in quantitative studies to select experts or to achieve other goals

May be based on typical cases, extremes, maximum variation, criterion, or by using confirming/disconfirming cases

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47
Q

What is maximum variation sampling in purposive sampling?

A

o Deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest

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48
Q

What is extreme case sampling in purposive sampling?

A

o Also called deviant case sampling
o Select cases from most unusual or extreme informants

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49
Q

What is typical case sampling in purposive sampling?

A

o Average or typical cases

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50
Q

What is criterion sampling in purposive sampling?

A

o Cases who meet a predetermined criterion of importance

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51
Q

What type of sampling is used towards the end of data collection when using purposive sampling during a study?

A

Confirming/disconfirming cases

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52
Q

What are confirming cases in purposive sampling?

What are disconfirming cases in purposive sampling?

When are these used?

A

Confirming cases fit researcher’s conceptualizations, therefore increase credibility

Disconfirming cases are new cases that do not fit; therefore, challenge researcher interpretations

Used towards the end of data collection

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53
Q

Define theoretical sampling

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* Used in grounded theory
* Selects participants who can add to theory development
* Helps researcher decide where to find data for optimal development of theory
* Based on findings that are emerging from the data

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54
Q

Define a volunteer sample

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* Participants self-select
* Eagerness to participate may make them unrepresentative of the population
* May have ethical issues with vulnerable groups
o i.e. patients on the ward may feel like they have to volunteer

55
Q

Define a snowball sample

A

A type of nonprobability sampling
* Also called network or chain sampling
* Referrals from other people already in the sample
* Used to identify people with distinctive characteristics
* Used both qualitatively and quantitatively

56
Q

A study uses successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units, it starts with provinces, then postal codes, before finally looking at households. What type of sampling is this?

A

Cluster/multistage sampling

A type of probability sampling

57
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You decide to group all the students in building 9 based on the class they are in at 1:30 pm. You then randomly select some of these classrooms to obtain your sample. What type of sampling is this?

A

Cluster sampling

A type of probability sampling

58
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You have a list of 600 students that meet your criteria but only need 50. 8 is your favorite number so you contact every 8th person on the list until you reach your 50 person sample size. What type of sampling is this?

A

Systematic sampling

A type of probability sampling

59
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You decide to set up a booth and take the first 50 people that walk up to you that meet your criteria to be your sample. What type of sampling is this?

A

Consecutive sampling

A type of nonprobability sampling

60
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You decide to set up a booth and take the first 50 people that walk up to you that meet your criteria to be your sample. Because MacEwan is 60% male students and 40% female students, you make sure that 30 of your sample are male and 20 are female.

What type of sampling is this?

A

Quota

A type of nonprobability sampling

Its like convenience sampling but you need a quota of each part of the population to ensure representativeness of the sample

61
Q

You are trying to determine if a guided mediation session before the final exam improves the NURS 370 exam results as opposed to just simply sitting quietly on your own for 5 minutes prior to starting. You have 30 people in the class interested in the study.

You ask all 30 for age, gender, and how many hours per week they have been studying for this exam. You pair each participant with someone else that had similar answers to these questions.

What type of sampling is this?

A

Matching sampling

A type of nonprobability sampling

62
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

Rather than try to contact everyone in the school, you decide to sample from the students in your cohort. What type of sampling is this?

A

Convenience sampling

A type of nonprobability sampling

63
Q

You are trying to determine the experience of 3rd year nursing students so you hand-pick 5 of your fellow cohort that have the knowledge and experience that you are looking to explore. What type of sampling is this?

A

Purposive sampling

A type of nonprobability sampling

64
Q

You are attempting to develop a theory and so you determine participants for your study based on their what they can contribute to the theory development.

What type of sampling is this?

A

Theoretical sampling used for grounded theory studies

A type of non probability sampling

65
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You decide to put up a poster to generate some interest and allow those that respond to participate in the study. What type of sampling is this?

A

Volunteer sample

66
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You know a friend who is living in the dorms, so you ask them to ask their other dorm mates if anyone meets the criteria. Each of them ends up recruiting another few people until you reach the sample size you needed.

What type of sampling is this?

A

Snowball sampling

Also called network or chain sampling

67
Q

What is a sampling error?

A

o Differences between sample values and population values
o Fluctuation of the value of a statistic from one sample to another drawn from the same population

68
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information.

You calculated the results of your 50 person sample and then you repeat the study. The second time however, the results are very different from your first attempt.

What happened?

A

Sampling error

69
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

o Systematic over- or under-representation of segments of the population on key variables when the sample is NOT representative

70
Q

You are attempting to determine if in Canada, a persons GPA affects their satisfaction with their university experience.

To rule out their relationship status and home life affecting the results, you decide to only talk to university students 18-25 years old that are single and living in the dorms.

Because you are a student at MacEwan, you ask other students at MacEwan to obtain you needed information. About 30% of MacEwan students are female, 67% are male, and 3% identify as non binary.

You run your test and realize that your sample is nearly all female (98%). What happened?

A

Sampling bias

o Systematic over- or under-representation of segments of the population on key variables when the sample is NOT representative

71
Q

What are the types of probability sampling?

A

Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling

72
Q

What are the types of nonprobability sampling?

A

Convenience
Quota
Matching
Consecutive
Purposive
Theoretical
Volunteer
Snowball

73
Q

What are the different types of sampling specific to mixed methodologies?

A

Identical
o All participants are in both strands

Nested
o Some of the participants from one strand are in the other strand

Parallel
o Participants are either in one strand or the other
o Drawn from a similar population

Multilevel
o Participants are not the same
o Drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy

74
Q

In what type of sampling are all the participants in both strands of a mixed methodological study?

A

Identical

75
Q

In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are some of the participants in one strand also in the other strand?

A

Nested

76
Q

In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are the participants drawn from a similar population but are either in one strand OR the other?

A

Parallel

77
Q

In what type of mixed methodological study sampling are the participants drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy?

A

Multilevel

78
Q

What is the identical sampling method of a mixed methodological study?

A

o All participants are in both strands

79
Q

What is the nested sampling method of a mixed methodological study?

A

o Some of the participants from one strand are in the other strand

80
Q

What is the parallel sampling method of a mixed methodological study?

A

o Participants are either in one strand or the other
o Drawn from a similar population

81
Q

What is the multilevel sampling method of a mixed methodological study?

A

o Participants are not the same
o Drawn from different populations at different levels in a hierarchy

82
Q

What are the dimensions of quantitative data collection?

A
  • Structure
  • Quantifiability
  • Obtrusiveness
  • Objectivity
83
Q

What are the principles of quantitative data collection?

A

Data collection protocols
o Identifiable and repeatable procedures that control data collection

Objective
o Not influenced by data collector

Systematic
o Collected in the same way each time

84
Q

What does it mean to be able to operationalize the variables in a quantitative study?

A
  • Translates concepts of interest into observable and measurable variables
  • A variable can be measured and data collected in a variety of ways
  • Data collection methods should be appropriate to the population, setting, etc.
85
Q

What are the quantitative data collection types?

A

REMEMORY: quantitative is Really Objective Barely Subjective

Records/available data
Observational methods
Biophysiological measures
Self reports

86
Q

What are advantages to in person interviews?

A

o Higher response rates
o Appropriate for more diverse audiences
o Opportunities to clarify questions or to determine comprehension
o Opportunity to collect supplementary data through observation

87
Q

What are the types of quantitative self-reporting data collection types?

A

Interviews
Questionnaires

88
Q

What are dichotomous questions?

A

Only have 2 answers such as yes/no or true/false etc.

Type of closed question used in interviews

89
Q

What are rank order questions?

A

 Put a list of 5 things from most important to least

Type of closed question used in interviews

90
Q

What are forced questions?

A

 No option for a neutral response and must choose 1 of 2 options

Type of closed question used in interviews

91
Q

What are rating questions?

A

Rate an answer from 1-10, like our pain scales

Type of closed question used in interviews

92
Q

What type of scale uses several declarative statements and ask the respondents to select on a continuum of agree to disagree?

A

Likert scale

93
Q

What type of scale requires ratings for various concepts that involve bipolar adjective pairs with 7 point ratings?

For example: How do you find the instructor for this class?

Organized _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Disorganized

Reliable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ unreliable

A

Semantic differential scales

94
Q

Describe Likert scales

A

o Consists of several declarative statements (items) expressing viewpoints
o Responses are on an agree/disagree continuum (usually 5 or 7 options)
o Responses to items are summed to compute a total scale score

95
Q

Describe semantic differential scales

A

o Require ratings of various concepts
o Rating scales involve bipolar adjective pairs with 7-point ratings
o Ratings for each dimension are summed to compute a total score of each concept

For example: How do you find the instructor for this class?

Organized _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Disorganized

Reliable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ unreliable

96
Q

What type of scale is used to measure subjective experiences such as the pain scale of faces?

A

Visual analogue scale

97
Q

Describe visual analogue scales

A

o Used to measure subjective experiences
o Measurements are on a straight line measuring 100 mm
o End points labeled as extreme limits of sensation
o Example was the faces scale we use for pain

98
Q

Describe Q-sorts

A

Participants sort a deck of cards into piles according to specific criteria

Cards contain statements to be sorted on a bipolar continuum
 i.e. most like me to least like me

Usually 50-100 cards; usually 9 or 11 piles

99
Q

What type of self-reporting quantitative data collection involves participants sorting a deck of 50-100 cards with statements on them that are sorted into 9-11 piles on a bipolar continuum?

A

Q-sorts

100
Q

Describe vignettes

A
  • Brief descriptions of situations to which respondents are asked to react
  • Descriptions are usually written “stories”
  • Respondents can be asked open-ended or closed-ended questions about their reactions
  • Aspects of the vignettes can be experimentally manipulated
101
Q

What type of self-reporting quantitative data collection involves a brief story followed by questions (opened or closed) about the participants reactions?

A

Vignettes

102
Q

What type of observational methods would be exemplified by the researchers who watch nurses wash their hands to ensure they follow the proper procedure?

A

Structured

103
Q

What type of observational methods do the researchers usually only know the phenomenon of interest but they enter the setting with no pre-conceived idea of what they are going to observe?

A

Unstructured

104
Q

What data are observational methods used to obtain?

A

Data about behaviours and events

105
Q

What types of observational methods might a researcher use when collecting quantitative data?

A

o Concealment without intervention (data collector is hidden)
o Concealment with intervention
o No concealment without intervention (participant can see data collector)
o No concealment with intervention

106
Q

What are the two types of biophysiological measures that a researcher use when collecting quantitative data?

What does each entail?

A

In vivo measurements
o Within the living body
o Performed directly within or on living organisms
o i.e. blood pressure

In vitro measurements
o Performed outside the organism’s body
o i.e. urinalysis

107
Q

How might a researcher obtain quantitative data without ever having to interact with the participant?

A

Using records or available data

108
Q

What reflects the tendency of some people to respond to items in characteristic ways, independently of item content

A

Response set bias

109
Q

What is response set bias?

A
  • Reflect the tendency of some people to respond to items in characteristic ways, independently of item content
110
Q

What are some examples of response set bias?

A

Social desirability - answering to make themselves look better

Extreme - answers extreme even if they don’t feel that way

Acquiescence - select positive responses more frequently (yea-sayers)

Nay-sayers - select negative responses more frequently

111
Q

What bias involves a person concealing their true opinions in order to look better to others?

A

Social desirability response set bias

112
Q

What bias involves a person answering with an extreme view, even if the don’t have an extreme opinion on the subject?

A

Extreme response set bias

113
Q

What bias involves a person selecting a positive response more frequently?

A

Acquiescence response set bias (yea-sayers)

114
Q

What bias involves a person selecting a negative response more frequently?

A

Nay-sayers

115
Q

What is the extreme response set bias?

A

 Answering with an extreme view, even if they don’t have an extreme opinion on the subject

116
Q

What is the social desirability response set bias?

A

 Concealing true opinion in order to make themselves look good to others

117
Q

What is the acquiescence response set bias?

A

 Yea-sayers
 Person with an optimistic confident agreeable outlook
 Basically, they select a positive response more frequently

118
Q

What is the nay-sayers response set bias?

A

 Selecting a negative response more frequently

119
Q

Describe the qualitative data collection of ethnography projects?

Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues

A

Data types
o Mainly observation and interviews
o Also includes artifacts, documents, photographs, social network diagrams

Unit of collection
o Cultural system

Collection points
o Longitudinal

Length of data collection
o Months/years

Salient field issues
o Gaining entree
o Determining role
o Loss of objectivity
o Premature exit
o Encouraging openness
o Reflexivity

120
Q

Describe the qualitative data collection of phenomenology projects?

Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues

A

Data types
o In depth interviews
o Sometimes written materials and diaries

Unit of collection
o Individuals

Collection points
o Cross-sectional

Length of data collection
o Moderate

Salient field issues
o Bracketing
o Building rapport
o Encouraging candor
o Listening while preparing the next question
o Keeping “on track”
o Handling emotional issues

121
Q

Describe the qualitative data collection of grounded theory projects?

Include data types, unit of collection, collection points, length of data collection, and salient field issues

A

Data types
o Individual/group interviews
o Observations
o Diaries
o Documents

Unit of collection
o Individuals

Collection points
o Cross sectional
o Longitudinal

Length of data collection
o Moderate

Salient field issues
o Building rapport
o Encouraging candor
o Listening while preparing the next question
o Keeping “on track”
o Handling emotional issues

122
Q

Describe self-reports as they apply to qualitative data collection

A
  • Completely unstructured or semi-structured
  • May be face-to-face, in writing, or online

May include
* Focus group
* Life histories
* Think aloud method (vignettes can be used)
* Personal diaries
* Photo elicitation
* Critical incidents technique

123
Q

Describe focus groups

A

A form of qualitative data collection

o Data collected from multiple participants at the same time
o Guided discussions
o Led by a moderator using a topic guide
o Ideal size: 5-10 people

124
Q

What are qualities for good questions to ask during a qualitative interview?

A

o Open ended
o Non-leading
o Singular
o Short
o Clear and precise
o Linguistically appropriate
o Non-assumptive
o Empathetic

125
Q

When gathering data, what types of notes may be taken?

A

Jottings
Logs
Field notes

126
Q

What type of note taking are just short notes jotted down quickly in the field and intended to not distract the researcher form their observations?

A

Jottings

127
Q

What type of note taking involves keeping daily records of events and conversations?

A

Logs

128
Q

What type of note taking and is more analytic and interpretive writing that may be observational, theoretical, and even personal?

A

Field notes

129
Q

Describe jottings

A

Type of note taking

o Short notes jotted down quickly in the field
o Does not distract researcher from their observations or roles as participant observers

130
Q

Describe logs

A

Type of note taking

o Daily records of events and conversations

131
Q

Describe field notes

A

Type of note taking

o Broader
o More analytic
o More interpretive

May be
 Observational
 Theoretical
 Methodological
 Personal

132
Q

What is reflection?

A

o Based on the idea that there is a reality that we can separate ourselves from

133
Q

Describe reflexivity

A

o The idea that we continuously construct the meanings of our worlds and ourselves
o A set of continuous, collaborative, and multifaceted practices through which researchers self-consciously critique, appraise, and evaluate how their subjectivity and context influence the research process

134
Q

Describe positionality

A

o Our history and experience influence how we approach research and interpret concepts
o Changes as time, place, and those we interact with changes

NURS 344 (7 decks)

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