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NURS 344 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What best describes the process that qualitative researchers use to define what their data is about?

a) data reduction
b) reflection
c) coding
d) confirming

A

c) coding

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2
Q

You are reading a research report. Where would you expect to find the statement of purpose spelled out?

A

At the end of the introduction

Same for the research question and hypothesis

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3
Q

What should qualitative data analysis begin?

a) only after the literature review is completed
b) once all the data has been collected
c) at the beginning of the data collection
d) only after a coding schema has been developed

A

c) at the beginning of the data collection

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4
Q

At the farmers’ market, the average weight of a bag of potatoes is 8.5 kg with a standard deviation of 1.5 kg. Where would 68% of the scores fall?

a) between 7 and 10 kg
b) between 5.5 and 11.5 kg
c) between 4 and 14 kg
d) between 6.5 and 8.5 kg

A

a) between 7 and 10 kg

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5
Q

After weighing babies all morning at the public health clinic, the community nurse realized that the scale was not working properly. The scale actually weighed 1 kg more than the actual weight. What type of error is this?

a) systematic error
b) random error
c) nurse error
d) observer error

A

a) systematic error

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6
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

A type of non-probability sampling

Based on researcher’s judgement about who will provide rich information

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7
Q

What is evidence informed practice?

A

Integration of research evidence with clinical expertise and patient perspective

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8
Q

What is the weakest form of instrument validity?

A

Face validity

  • Concerned with reading the study instrument and judging whether the questions “appear” to measure what they are supposed to
  • Subjective evaluation of a measurement instrument based on the way it appears
  • Does the instrument look like it is measuring what it is intended to measure
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9
Q

For a research study sampling was achieved using probability techniques. What threat to internal validity does this prevent?

a) selection bias
b) observer bias
c) Hawthorne effect
d) social desirability bias

A

a) selection bias

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10
Q

Of the different levels of measurement, which type are most psychological tests based on?

a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio

A

interval

  • Data is measurable
  • Also called scale, quantitative, or parametric
  • Examples include age, weight, number of customers etc
  • Discrete – uses whole numbers
  • Continuous – uses fractional numbers
  • Mean, median and standard deviation can be calculated
  • Visual representations – bar chart, histogram, box plots, line charts
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11
Q

What appears first in the results section of a report?

A

Descriptive statistics

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12
Q

What is the term for rigour in qualitative research?

A

Trustworthiness

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a) The researcher-participant interaction is intentionally therapeutic in nature
b) the emerging nature of qualitative design might necessitate ongoing negotiation of consent
c) having the researcher check data with the participants taints the data
d) in naturalistic settings there is no need to request informed consent from study participants

A

b) the emerging nature of qualitative design might necessitate ongoing negotiation of consent

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14
Q

What is a strong advantage of using an unstructured data collection method?

a) allows the participant to respond to the interview question in a way that is meaningful to the participant
b) allows the researcher to test their hypotheses or hunches out on the participants
c) requires less work in collecting data than structured data collection methods
d) may be used by all researchers, even those with poorer communication skills

A

a) allows the participant to respond to the interview question in a way that is meaningful to the participant

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15
Q

What are the two types of sampling used in quantitative research?

A

probability and non-probability

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16
Q

After a training session, each data collector was tested to determine if he or she rated the observations consistently. What type of reliability is this?

a) split-half reliability
b) parallel form reliability
c) intra-rater reliability
d) inter-rater reliability

A

c) intra-rater reliability

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17
Q

You are designing a quantitative study. What is the purpose of an operational definition in your study?

a) designates the conceptual underpinnings of a variable
b) assigns numeric values to variables
c) specifies how a variable will be measured
d) states the expected relationship between the variables under investigation

A

c) specifies how a variable will be measured

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18
Q

How can qualitative research contribute to the development of structured research instruments such as surveys?

a) only quantitative research can contribute to the development of structured research instruments
b) a qualitative study can take the place of a survey, reducing the need for research instruments
c) a preliminary qualitative study can help the researcher ground the survey questions in the reality of human experiences
d) the numeric data that result from a qualitative study will guide instrument development

A

c) a preliminary qualitative study can help the researcher ground the survey questions in the reality of human experiences

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19
Q

A nurse researcher is interested in how people with diabetes respond to a BGL meter. He studied a group of people for several weeks to determine their responses to the glucometer. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and written diaries kept by participants. The researcher analyzed the data by searching for patterns and themes. What type of study is this?

a) historical
b) phenomenology
c) action research
d) case study

A

d) case study

Qualitative Case Study is:
In depth contextual analysis of an entity or a small number of entities
o May be individual, family, institution, or other social group

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20
Q

Which of the following internal threats to validity is more likely to occur with a longitudinal design?

a) mortality effects
b) selection bias
c) history effects
d) instrumentation effects

A

a) mortality effects

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21
Q

Researchers want to study how Canadian nurses make decisions. They develop a sampling frame that includes all provinces, cities, and hospitals that could be used. A randomized sample is drawn from the list. What is the type of sample?

a) stratified random sampling
b) quota sampling
c) simple random sampling
d) multistage sampling

A

d) multistage sampling

from notes:

Cluster (Multistage) Sampling
* Successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller units
o i.e. provinces, then postal codes, then households
* Widely used in national surveys
* Larger sampling error than in simple random sampling, but more efficient
* Used when population is large or spread over a wide geographic area

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22
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate in the “discussion” section of a research report?

a) Analysis of the data revealed that many of the women who were family caregivers were not following recommended breast cancer screening practices. This has implications for client education in primary settings.

b) the Health Belief Model was used as a conceptual framework for this study

c) The findings revealed that 34% of women who were family caregivers performed monthly breast self-examinations, and 48% had a yearly mammogram

d) The study was conducted to evaluate breast health protection behaviours of women who were family caregivers of children with special health care needs

A

a) Analysis of the data revealed that many of the women who were family caregivers were not following recommended breast cancer screening practices. This has implications for client education in primary settings.

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23
Q

What type of research focuses on the development and evaluation of instruments, scales, and measurement techniques?

a) evaluation research
b) outcomes research
c) methodological research
d) triangulation research

A

c) methodological research

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24
Q

What is evaluation research?

A

Also called program evaluation

Systematic analysis that evaluates whether a program or strategy is work the time, effort, money, and resources spent to achieve a goal

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25
Q

What is outcomes research?

A

clinical and population based research that seeks to study and optimize the end results of healthcare in terms of benefits to the patient and society

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26
Q

What is methodological research?

A

the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic

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27
Q

What is meta-synthesis?

a) the analysis and integration of findings from qualitative studies on a specific topic

b) the analysis and integration of findings from a quantitative studies on a specific topic

c) a systemic review of the literature involving quantitative and qualitative studies

d) a hierarchy of evidence using qualitative studies

A

a) the analysis and integration of findings from qualitative studies on a specific topic

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28
Q

Which of the following is inconsistent with a Likert scale?

a) items are evaluated on the amount of agreement

b) contains close-ended items

c) contains a list of statements

d) contains open-ended items

A

d) contains open-ended items

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29
Q

What is the theoretical basis underlying a grounded theory study?

a) Hermeneutic philosophy

b) Cultural anthropology

c) symbolic interactionism

d) psychoanalytical theory

A

c) symbolic interactionism

Grounded theory from notes:
* Foundation
o Sociology
o Social psychology – symbolic interaction theory

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30
Q

Researchers conducted a study that focused on the stigma of poverty in a large Canadian city. In phase 1, purposive sampling was used to select participants from 4 low-income neighborhoods for individual and focus group interviews. In the second phase, a sample of residents was selected for a telephone survey. What type of study is this?

a) action research
b) mixed methods
c) case study
d) grounded theory

A

b) mixed methods

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31
Q

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) share common characteristics. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic?

a) both test differences in group means
b) both test differences in one dependent variable
c) both depend on variables measured at the interval or ratio level
d) both a parametric tests

A

b) both test differences in one dependent variable

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32
Q

What is the contribution of qualitative computer software such as Ethnograph or MAXQDA to the research process?

a) analysis of data
b) collection of data
c) interpretation of data
d) management of data

A

d) management of data

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33
Q

Researchers reported that transcripts, audiotapes, and field notes were stored in a locked filing cabinet. Which criterion is met by this action?

a) confidentiality
b) anonymity
c) fittingness
d) security of data

A

a) confidentiality

34
Q

What are researchers guilty of when they lie about or make up the results of a study?

a) scientific impropriety
b) scientific plagiarism
c) scientific negligence
d) scientific misconduct

A

d) scientific misconduct

35
Q

Pain is a term used to describe an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. What is this statement an example of?

a) conceptual framework
b) conceptual definition
c) operational definition
d) theoretical proposition

A

b) conceptual definition

36
Q

Which of the following is the MOST important question to ask when evaluating a literature review in a research study?

a) was every relevant article critiqued?
b) does the literature review reveal existing knowledge on a topic?
c) were only primary sources used?
d) was the literature review confined to the last 5 years?

A

b) does the literature review reveal existing knowledge on a topic?

37
Q

How should researchers and reviewers accept statistical significance?

a) with the view that careful appraisal is needed to apply results ot theory

b) with the understanding that additional testing is not necessary

c) with cautious regard for how results might apply to practice

d) with the belief that statistically significant results are the final word

A

c) with cautious regard for how results might apply to practice

38
Q

Which of the following distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?

a) the introduction of an experimental treatment

b) random sampling from a population

c) random assignment of subjects to groups

d) the use of a control group

A

c) random assignment of subjects to groups

39
Q

You are critiquing a research study of four groups. You would expect the researcher to use a statistical procedure that determines if a significant difference exists between 4 group means on a dependent variable measured on an interval scale. What is the statistical procedure?

a) MANOVA
b) Independent t-tests
c) ANOVA
d) chi-squared test
e) dependent t-tests

A

c) ANOVA

It is looking at more than 3 groups

Not MANOVA because it is not looking at repeated measures for that group

Not chi-squared because that only does nominal or ordinal scales, not an interval scale

Not independent t-test because that is for 2 groups that are completely separate

Not dependent t-test because that has the same group measured more than once

40
Q

What levels of measurement are used with parametric and non-parametric tests?

A

Parametric - interval and ratio

Nonparametric - nominal and ordinal

41
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

Concurrent validity - comparison between the measure in question and an outcome assessed at the same time

Predictive validity - scores on departmental predict GPA

42
Q

In a study evaluating the healthcare experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals, researchers find that many patients feel marginalized and discriminated against due to their sexual orientation. The aspects of the traditional healthcare systems that this study is critiquing from a feminist perspective is ________________?

a) the focus on preventative care
b) the inclusion of interdisciplinary teams
c) the patriarchal structures and gender biases
d) the use of technology in patient care

A

c) the patriarchal structures and gender biases

43
Q

Ozone Public Health Research Agency finds a p-value of 0.04 when testing genetic counselling intervention in carrier couples living with sickle cell disease. What does this imply about the null hypothesis, which states that the intervention has no effect?

a. The null hypothesis should be accepted.

b. There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

c. The study findings are inconclusive.

d. The null hypothesis is proven true.

A

b. There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

44
Q

A mixed methods study investigates the impact of a new nursing intervention on patient outcomes and includes both quantitative measures and qualitative interviews. Identify the purpose of integrating both types of data?

a. To ensure one method confirms the findings of the other

b. To eliminate the need for a literature review

c. To prioritize quantitative data over qualitative insights

d. To enrich the understanding of the research problem from multiple perspectives

A

d. To enrich the understanding of the research problem from multiple perspectives

45
Q

In a clinical trial testing a new medication, the null hypothesis states that the medication does not affect patient recovery times. What does rejecting the null hypothesis imply?

a. The medication is ineffective.

b. The medication significantly improves recovery times.

c. There is insufficient evidence to conclude.

d. The medication is harmful to patients.

A

b. The medication significantly improves recovery times.

46
Q

During a community health initiative focused on improving support for survivors of domestic violence, a nurse collects personal narratives to gain insights into the healthcare experiences and challenges these individuals face. This qualitative approach emphasizes the importance of personal stories in understanding complex social issues and illustrates which research methodology within feminist nursing research?

a. Quantitative analysis of health data

b. Experimental research designs

c. Narrative and qualitative methods

d. Systematic reviews of existing literature

A

c. Narrative and qualitative methods

47
Q

Dr. Evans collects data on the number of hours nurses work each week and calculates the standard deviation of these hours. What does the standard deviation indicate in this context?

a. The average number of hours worked.

b. The variability in hours worked among nurses.

c. The minimum and maximum hours worked.

d. The total number of hours worked.

A

b. The variability in hours worked among nurses.

48
Q

Identify the appropriate definition of measurement error in quantitative research?

a. Variability introduced by participant selection

b. Inaccuracies in data collection tools or methods

c. Bias introduced by researcher expectations

d. Changes in participant responses over time

A

b. Inaccuracies in data collection tools or methods

49
Q

A nursing researcher proposes that increasing nurse-patient ratios will improve patient satisfaction scores. Indicate the null hypothesis in this scenario?

a. There is no relationship between nurse-patient ratios and patient satisfaction scores.

b. Increasing nurse-patient ratios will decrease patient satisfaction scores.

c. Increasing nurse-patient ratios will improve patient satisfaction scores.

d. Patient satisfaction scores are independent of nurse-patient ratios.

A

a. There is no relationship between nurse-patient ratios and patient satisfaction scores.

50
Q

The MacEwan’s nursing program develops a new exam to assess students’ clinical skills. A panel of experts reviews the exam questions to ensure they comprehensively cover all relevant skills taught in the program. This process is an example of:

a. Face Validity

b. Criterion Validity

c. Content Validity

d. Construct Validity

A

c. Content Validity

51
Q

To understand the experiences of patients utilizing sexual and reproductive health services, a researcher collects data from 100 patients using a semi-structured questionnaire. After analyzing the initial responses, the researcher finds that no significant differences emerge from the data after the first 70 responses. This phenomenon illustrates which of the following concepts?

a. Data saturation

b. Sample size determination

c. Random sampling

d. Statistical significance

A

a. Data saturation

52
Q

A researcher uses a questionnaire with multiple items to assess new migrants’ perspectives about immigration services in Canada. The items can be judged to have high internal consistency if Cronbach’s Alpha is:

a. 0.1

b. 0.3

c. 0.5

d. 0.8

A

d. 0.8

53
Q

Dr. Patel decides to analyze existing survey data collected from a large population. What type of data source is she utilizing?

a. Primary data

b. Tertiary data

c. Secondary data

d. Qualitative data

A

c. Secondary data

54
Q

In assessing a new medication for COVID-19, the researcher unconsciously provides more encouragement to participants in the treatment group than in the placebo group. This is an example of ___________________?

a. Hawthorne Effect

b. Selection Effect

c. Novelty Effect

d. Experimenter Effect

A

d. Experimenter Effect

55
Q

Nurse Sandy wants to quantify the level of “hope” among patients diagnosed with a terminal disease, defined as their optimism and expectations for the future. The most appropriate method for data collection in this quantitative study is:

a. Open-ended interviews

b. Focus groups

c. Standardized questionnaires

d. Storytelling

A

c. Standardized questionnaires

56
Q

In a study comparing the effectiveness of two diets, participants are self-selected, with those who are more health-conscious opting for the diet they believe is better. This introduces ___________________?

a. Experimenter Effect

b. Novelty Effect

c. Selection Effect

d. Hawthorne Effect

A

c. Selection Effect

57
Q

Researcher Cookson conducts a study on a new patient teaching method and finds that patients and family initially understood the concepts better than those in traditional formats. However, performance levels normalize after a few weeks. This observation is likely due to ___________________________?

a. Selection Effect

b. Novelty Effect

c. Hawthorne Effect

d. Experimenter Effect

A

b. Novelty Effect

58
Q

A nurse measures a patient’s blood pressure multiple times, obtaining slightly different readings each time due to variations in technique and environmental factors. This variability illustrates:

a. Systematic Error

b. Random Error

c. Measurement Bias

d. Observer Bias

A

b. Random Error

59
Q

During an observational study of nursing staff at the acute psychiatry unit, nurses improved their productivity when they knew they were being observed by researchers. This change is best described as an example of_________________?

a. Experimenter Effect

b. Novelty Effect

c. Selection Effect

d. Hawthorne Effect

A

d. Hawthorne Effect

60
Q

The significance of a quantitative study is enhanced when its findings can be applied to multiple healthcare settings and populations.

a) true
b) false

A

a) true

61
Q

A pharmaceutical company is assessing the effect of a new hypertension medication. The researcher chooses to use a parametric test because the data collected on blood pressure readings are normally distributed and have equal variances. It is correct to say that non-parametric tests should not be used at all in this study.

a) true
b) false

A

b) false

62
Q

The philosophical orientation that emphasizes the proving or disproving of theories in order to explain, predict or control certain outcomes is known as:

A. Post-positivism, qualitative
B. Critical theory, empirical
C. Constructivism, qualitative
D. Post-positivism, quantitative

A

D. Post-positivism, quantitative

63
Q

Which aim of research is characteristic of, or appropriate for, qualitative research methods?

A. Prediction
B. Explanation
C. Understanding
D. Control

A

C. Understanding

64
Q

“It was hypothesized that parturients who received hydrotherapy would show evidence of greater decrease in anxiety, pain, and sympathetic nervous system arousal and a greater positive plasma volume shift then would parturients who did not receive hydrotherapy”

Identify and specify the 3 critical elements of this hypothesis statement

A

Population = parturients

Variables – IV= hydrotherapy/no hydrotherapy. DV anxiety, pain, SNS arousal, plasma volume shift

Expected outcome = greater decrease in anxiety, pain, SNS arousal, greater positive plasma volume shift.

65
Q

What is the final step of any research project?

A. to analyze the findings in relation to practice
B. To communicate the findings
C. To discuss the limitations of the study
D. To interpret the findings.

A

B. To communicate the findings

66
Q

What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a quantitative study?

A

The nature of the research question.

67
Q

What are researchers guilty of when they lie about or make up the results of a study?

A. Scientific misconduct
B. Scientific plagiarism
C. Scientific negligence
D. Scientific falsification

A

A. Scientific misconduct

68
Q

What is the primary responsibility of Research Ethics Boards?

A. To ensure that informed consent is obtained
B. To assess the scientific validity of the proposed research
C. To protect the potential subjects/participants from any undue risks
D. To assess whether the required resources are available to conduct the research

A

C. To protect the potential subjects/participants from any undue risks

69
Q

If no hypothesis is present in a study, does this indicate a weakness in the study? Why or why not?

A. This is not a weakness as the study can be descriptive
B. This is not a weakness if the study is quasi-experimental
C. This is a weakness as the study is descriptive
D. This is not a weakness as the study can be quasi-experimental

A

A. This is not a weakness as the study can be descriptive

70
Q

What contribution to nursing research is Florence Nightingale most noted for?

A. The development of nursing theory
B. The development of nursing education
C. The collection and statistical analysis of data
D. The development of funding mechanisms for research

A

C. The collection and statistical analysis of data

71
Q

In critiquing the literature section of a research study, what is usually made clear by the researcher at the conclusion of the review?

A. There is an abundance of information on the topic
B. There is a dearth of literature on the subject
C. The implications, significance and need for the study justify the investigation
D. There will be an attempt to prove the hypothesis as proposed

A

C. The implications, significance and need for the study justify the investigation

72
Q

Which of the following is an operational definition of pain?

A. A common complication of labour and delivery
B. A sensation of hurt, suffering, or distress
C. A visual analog scale that measures pain on a 100 mm vertical line
D. A psychological experience associated with labour and childbirth

A

C. A visual analog scale that measures pain on a 100 mm vertical line

73
Q

Which aim of research is characteristic or appropriate for qualitative research?

a. Control

b. Prediction

c. Understanding

d. Explanation

A

c. Understanding

74
Q

Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling technique?

a) simple random sampling
b) systematic sampling
c) convenience sampling
d) stratified sampling

A

c) convenience sampling

75
Q

In a descriptive phenomenological approach, the process of identifying and putting aside any preconceived beliefs and opinions one has about the phenomenon of understanding is called:

a) Bricoleur
b) Bricolage
c) Content analysis
d) Bracketing

A

d) Bracketing

76
Q

Which statement about coding qualitative data is true?

a. Once a coding scheme has been developed, it is important not to change it

b. Each paragraph in a transcribed interview is assigned a single code

c. Coding schemes typically have major thematic categories and subcategories

d. Once a coding scheme is developed, the coding itself is straightforward

A

c. Coding schemes typically have major thematic categories and subcategories

77
Q

A researcher unobtrusively studied interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital without informing them. Which ethical principle was violated?

a. Right to fair treatment

b. Confidentiality

c. Right to protection from discomfort and harm

d. Right to self-determination

A

d. Right to self-determination

78
Q

What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a quantitative study?

a. The nature of the research question

b. The age and gender of the study participants

c. The need to test a theory

d. The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon

A

a. The nature of the research question

79
Q

In qualitative research, to what does the term “saturation” refer?

a. Subject exhaustion

b. Researcher exhaustion

c. Data repetition

d. Sample size

A

c. Data repetition

80
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phenomenology?

a. Use of interviews and observations to collect data

b. Inductive approach

c. Focus on basic social processes

d. Bracketing

A

c. Focus on basic social processes

81
Q

Which statement about sample size in qualitative research is true?

a. Typical case sampling requires more participants than maximum variation sampling

b. If the quality of data being collected is exceptionally good, a smaller sample may suffice than when data are of mediocre quality

c. Sampling for qualitative studies should stop before information becomes redundant

d. New researchers who have a fresh eye on phenomena can get by with smaller samples than more experience researchers

A

b. If the quality of data being collected is exceptionally good, a smaller sample may suffice than when data are of mediocre quality

NURS 344 (10 decks)

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