Step 2: Design the Study Flashcards
What are the methodologies that may be used for a study?
Quantitative
Focused on measurable outcomes
Testing a hypothesis/theory
Qualitative
Focus on understanding a phenomenon leading to theory development
Mixed
Combination of quantitative and qualitative
What type of methodology focuses on measurable outcomes?
Quantitative
What type of methodology focuses on understanding phenomenon leading to theory development?
Qualitative
Define a population and sample.
How do we know what size of sample to use?
Population
Large group of people who could participate in the research
Sample
Representative of the population
Larger sample size required in quantitative research to enable generalization
Small sample size required in qualitative research; goal is to achieve data saturation
What type of data is collected for each type of study?
Quantitative studies collect numeric data
Qualitative data collects narrative, in-depth data
What are the basic ethical principles that must be considered when designing a study?
o Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice
o Informed consent
o Ethic review boards
What must be demonstrated in quantitative studies that must be considered when designing the study?
Validity
* External – Findings can be generalized to the public
* Internal – did the study measure what it is supposed to measure
Reliability
* Degree of consistency in recording data
What must be demonstrated in qualitative studies that must be considered when designing the study?
REMEMBER: CC DAT to me
Rigour – trustworthiness of the results defined by:
* Credibility
* Confirmability
* Dependability
* Authenticity
* Transferability
How is the researcher views of ontology, epistemology, and axiology shown in their study design?
The methodology they choose, so qualitative, quantitative, or mixed
What influences a researchers decision about what type of methodology to use for a study?
How the researcher views ontology, epistemology and axiology
o Influenced by ways of knowing and the particular paradigm that we attest to
Each influences the methodology that will be used in research to answer the questions of who, what, where, when, why, and how
Asks how do we find out? What strategies are used?
Describe the mixed methodology
What types of approaches of mixed methods did we discuss?
Design study that analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data
Commonly used in program evaluation, organizational studies, and policy development
Specific approaches in this course:
o Sequential - Quantitative followed by qualitative or vise versa
o Concurrent - Quantitative and qualitative at the same time
o Transformative - Want to make some kind of change in the population we are studying
What is the sequential mixed method?
Quantitative followed by qualitative or vise versa
What is the concurrent mixed method?
Quantitative and qualitative at the same time
What is the transformative mixed method?
Want to make some kind of change in the population we are studying
What type of study design uses the positivist/postpositivist paradigm?
Quantitative
What type of study design uses the constructivist/interpretivist paradigm?
Qualitative
What type of study design uses the researcher’s point of view?
Quantitative
What type of study design uses the participant’s point of view?
Qualitative
What type of study design believes that there is only one reality and minimizes context?
Quantitative
What type of study design uses deductive reasoning?
Quantitative
What type of study design studies concepts, constructs, and variables?
Quantitative
What type of study design looks for reliability, validity, and generalizability in their quality of evidence?
Quantitative
What type of study design uses identified concepts are investigated for relationships?
Quantitative
What type of study design tests/explores the relationships among concepts?
Quantitative
What type of study design results in an outcome that accepts or rejects a proposed theory or hypothesis?
Quantitative
What type of study design aims to describe, explain, predict or control?
Quantitative
What type of study design requires a researcher that is neutral and without bias?
Quantitative
What type of study design utilizes a fixed design?
Quantitative
What type of study design looks at a narrowed picture?
Quantitative
What type of study design Uses a contrived setting?
Quantitative
What type of study design collects numerical values, closed-ended data collection, and highly structured writing
Quantitative
What type of study design uses experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs?
Quantitative
What type of study design is value-laden?
Qualitative
What type of study design is value-free?
Quantitative
What type of study design values objectivity?
Quantitative
What type of study design values subjectivity?
Qualitative
What type of study design believes that multiple realities exist and in which the context is emphasized?
Qualitative
What type of study design uses inductive reasoning?
Qualitative
What type of study design studies phenomena and concepts?
Qualitative
What type of study design view trustworthiness as the measure of the quality of evidence?
Qualitative
What type of study design identifies concepts or patterns?
Qualitative
What type of study design describes a situation and possibly develops a theory?
Qualitative
What type of study design has an outcome that illuminates a situation or concept or builds a theory?
Qualitative
What type of study design aims to describe or understand?
Qualitative
What type of study design has the researcher involved as an active participant and bias is recognized?
Qualitative
What type of study design has an emerging design?
Qualitative
What type of study design utilizes a complex picture?
Qualitative
What type of study design believes the setting and context are important?
Qualitative
What type of study design has data that includes narrative descriptions, open-ended data collection, and a flexible writing structure?
Qualitative
What type of study design utilizes narrative research, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory studies, or case studies?
Qualitative
What type of study design uses sequential, concurrent, or transformative approaches?
Mixed methods
Describe quantitative study designs
- Collecting and analyzing numerical data
- Quantify relationships between variables
- Reality viewed from researcher’s perspective
- Based on the perspective that reality is objective and can be measured
- Focuses on parts rather than wholes
- Targeted to aspects of people’s health-related experiences
- Large number of participants
- Data collection typically precedes data analysis
- Generalizable results to a larger population
- Produces numerical/statistical data
What is the purpose of a quantitative research designs?
Provide a plan of study that permits accurate assessment of relationships between cause-and-effect relationships and between dependent and independent variables
Major concern
o Specify control mechanisms so the answer is clear and valid
Strong design prevents bias from influencing outcomes
Project must be designed so it answers the questions it was supposed to answer so that
o Extraneous factors are controlled
o Degree of generalization to a larger population is valid is valid
What are the critical criteria of a quantitative research study?
Objectivity
o Researcher is at arm’s length from data collection
Accuracy
o Collect accurate data and accurate procedures for analyzing data
Control
o Prevents extraneous variables from influencing outcomes
Feasibility
o Within the timeframe and financial restrictions allotted
o Within restrictions of abilities of the researchers and data collectors
When designing a quantitative research study, what considerations regarding control must be made?
Intervention versus no intervention – determines approach type
Control over the independent variable (IV)
Methods to control extraneous and eliminate confounding variables
o Can these be identified prior to the study?
o Controlling these allows for reliability and validity
A quantitative study may have group comparisons. We discussed 2 of them, what are they?
Between subjects
o Comparing one group of people to another group
Within subjects
o Comparing the same group of people over time
What is a between subjects comparison in a quantitative study?
Comparing one group of people to another group
What is a within subjects comparison in a quantitative study?
Comparing the same group of people over time