Introduction Flashcards

Question

What is nursing research?

Answer 1

Scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences evidence-informed nursing practice

Answer 2

o Systematic o Formal disciplined methods o Focuses on what is important to nursing (practice/education/management)

Answer 3

o Designed to produce knowledge that guides practice o Research questions are derived from a practice situation

Answer 4

o Focuses on effectiveness of healthcare services and results of patient care

Answer 5

Promote evidence informed nursing practice Ensure credibility of the nursing profession o One of the goals that led to the development of nursing research in the 50’s Provide accountability for nursing practice Document the cost effectiveness of nursing care Remember: PACE -practice that is evidence informed -accountability of nursing practice -credibility of nursing profession -effective budgeting

Answer 6

She was the pioneer of it Released "Notes on Research" in 1859 Known for her pie charts (her dad was a statistician) Because of her place in society, shew as able to influence society to make changes within healthcare

Answer 7

1950s Nursing Research (unique lol)

Answer 8

Nursing research fund 25 million federal endowment for 10 years

Answer 9

Journal of Qualitative Health Research

Answer 10

* Heightened focus on evidence-informed practice * Expanded local research in health care settings * Increased trans-disciplinary collaboration * Greater focus on outcomes research * Focus on older adult population * The use of technology in health care * Increased use of multiple confirmatory strategies and replication * Greater stress on integrative reviews * Expended dissemination of research findings * Greater focus on diversity issues and health disparities * Focus on increased incidence of chronic illness * Nursing in wars and disasters

Answer 11

* Improves patient health outcomes at individual and population level * Improves population health outcomes * Cost containment * Focuses on quality improvement * Promotes accountability in care * Responsiveness to care is promoted

Answer 12

Traditional nursing interventions - what we've always done Clinical experience Assembled information - surveys/studies but they may not provide evidence for guiding practice Disciplined research - nursing research - based on questions from practice and solutions that can be implemented in practice

Answer 13

Based on unit culture (what nurses have done forever on a unit) but no research to verify what they have been doing Includes  Authority person  Policy/procedure

Answer 14

Based on personal experience what works/doesn’t work but no research to support the conclusions Includes  Trial and error  Personal experience  Intuition

Answer 15

Important surveys and studies but may not provide evidence for guiding practice Can determine need for practice change but no follow up research to verify the conclusion Includes  Quality improvement data (such as med error reports)

Answer 16

Based on questions that arise from practice and offers solutions that can be implemented in practice Includes  Nursing research

Answer 17

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients An approach to healthcare that promotes the collection, interpretation, and integration of valid, important and applicable patient-reported, clinician-observed and researched-derived evidence Evidence informed practice integrates the research evidence with clinical experience/expertise, patients values, concerns, and preferences

Answer 18

The evolution of evidence-based practice Integration of: Clinician  Clinical experience  Non-research evidence * Quality improvement * Risk management data * Local, regional, national standards * Chart reviews Evidence  Clinical research Patient  Values  Concerns  Preferences  History

Answer 19

Conceptual - changes in opinion of the individual nurse Instrumental - concrete application of research Persuasive - used to persuade others i.e. changing policies

Answer 20

o Changes of opinion or changes in how the nurse thinks about a particular clinical situation because of the research although it may not result in a direct change

Answer 21

o Concrete application of research findings such as in practice or policy guidelines

Answer 22

o Use of research to persuade others, usually those who make decisions, to make changes to policies, practices, or conditions pertaining to nurses, patients, and/or the health of individuals or groups o Least commonly used by nurses

Answer 23

* Our world views and how we make sense of the social context * The foundational elements that start when we conceptualize the study are influenced by our ways of knowing, or our world view, or the way we see the context in which we are living and practicing * Research addresses questions relevant to nurses (our practice, education, and discipline) * It is important to develop a unique body of knowledge for practice * All approaches have limitations but they all add to a body of accumulating evidence which is important to inform the discipline/practice/education of nursing

Answer 24

* Our ways of knowing * Set of norms that tells us how to think and behave * Set of assumptions, concepts, values and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality and from which members of community work * Underlying assumptions and intellectual structure that direct research and development in a given field * All research is based on our philosophical beliefs (ways of knowing)

Answer 25

Positivist perspective (quantitative)

Answer 26

Paradigm shift

Answer 27

* Describes the nature of value * Focuses on values and is a critical component to ethics in research * Answers what is valuable to know? * We need to know what a good researcher is and what is worthwhile to explore

Answer 28

* Study of being or existing * Answers the question of what is reality? * Is the driver for ways of knowing * Focuses on where and how we sit in the world * Ontology continuum ranges from realism to relativism

Answer 29

MEMORY: really INDEpendent * The view that things exist and are independent of whether anyone is perceiving them * That reality can be accessed through research * Example: randomized controlled trials

Answer 30

MEMORY: relatively relational, like our relational practice, everything depends on context * Things are dependent on context * Example: narrative stories

Answer 31

* Focuses on nature of knowledge * Answers what is knowledge, what does it mean to know? How is knowledge created? What is the relationship between the knower and what is known? How do we learn? * Example: good relations form the basis of indigenous culture and drives our relational epistemology which focuses on sharing and generosity and respecting the earth

Answer 32

* The view that things exist and are independent of whether anyone is perceiving them * That reality can be accessed through research * Example: randomized controlled trials, generally quantitative

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* Things are dependent on context * Example: narrative stories, generally qualitative

Answer 34

Epistemology

Answer 35

* Theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope * Answers what is knowledge, what does it mean to know? How is knowledge created? What is the relationship between the knower and what is known? How do we learn? * Example: good relations form the basis of indigenous culture and drives our relational epistemology which focuses on sharing and generosity and respecting the earth

Answer 36

* Dominant paradigm for many years * Developed during enlightenment * Based on the assumption that there is one single reality * Tests hypothesis or theories using rigorous quantitative research methods with large sample seizes * Research is detached from the participant to avoid bias and is blinded to the specific conditions of the research study * Researcher must be completely objective * Objectivity produces data that is predictive to the generalized population * Uses deductive reasoning Criticisms o Not always possible for the researcher to be impartial/objective o Laws about human behaviour cannot be generated in the same way as they can for objects in the natural world

Answer 37

* Similar to positivism but more moderate * Belief that there is a single reality but we can’t know that for sure * Epistemology recognizes that complete objectivity is not possible but objectivity is valued * One reality * Context is minimized * Value-free * Methodology is quantitative * Aim of research is to describe, explain, predict or control * Understands it is impossible to predict human behaviour in every situation * Generalizations are valued but these are dependent on context * Behavioural observations of humans can be measured but we know that unobservable phenomena like thoughts and feelings also exist * Objectivity o Still valued but researcher is considered more neutral o Understanding that we are biased by our own lens o No one is truly objective * Repeated testing helps to ensure interpretations are as objective as possible

Answer 38

* Systematic inquiry – the scientific method * Scientists are influenced by their interests, cultural experiences, world views * Observation and measurement o Phenomena are reduced to entities that can be measured * Multiple measures and observations o Repeated testing o Replication * Control of variables that may interfere * Knowledge generation through explanation and descriptions * Objective knowledge o Gained from direct observation and experience o Fallible and subject to revision by repeated measures * Large sample sizes * Generalize results to the wider population in a given context * Determining the probability that a hypothesis is true/false (not proving) * Development of theories that can only be approximately true

Answer 39

* May also be called naturalistic * Reality is viewed as subjective and views from person to person * Context is emphasized * Uses inductive reasoning * Qualitative research with small sample are used for rich, in depth data looking at experiences * Aim is to understand the perspective of the individuals in the study * Participants have active involvement o Research involves interaction between researcher and participants o Participants seen as co-researchers * Researcher o Involved in the participants world o Acknowledges their own biases and uses self-reflection * Similar to relational practice in nursing * Methodology is qualitative * Interactive data collection methods * Aim of research is o To describe or understand o Interpret meanings participants have of the world * Knowledge developed through description, exploration, understanding, and interpretation * Interpret words to gain understanding * Outcomes are patterns of meaning, themes or theory * Generalizable results are not an aim

Answer 40

* Focuses on problems rather than philosophical position o View traditional paradigms as prescriptive in approach * Tries to avoid a single ontological or epistemological approach * Methodology – uses both quantitative and qualitative methods

Answer 41

* Focused on raising awareness and promoting social change * Purpose is to empower marginalized groups and investigate inequalities or social injustices * Aim to change a situation by challenging the current situation and planning change * Questions/issues are concerned with important social issues of the day * Research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and political agenda * Working with others o Collaboration through all stages of the research * Researcher embedded in the research group * Highly contextualized knowledge * Ontological position is historical realism * Epistemological position is social constructivism * Advocacy/participatory o Draw on work of critical theorists o Focus on concepts of enablement, empowerment, and emancipation

Answer 42

Associated with Transformative/Participatory/Advocacy * Critical race theory * Queer theory * Disability theory * Critical theory * Feminist theory * Participatory action research

Answer 43

Indigenous epistemology  Beliefs about knowledge creation Indigenous ethics  Axiological premise Indigenous community  Land and place The experiencing self in relationship

Answer 44

Guided by the indigenous ways of knowing * Uniquely connected to personal experience, subjectivity, and reflexivity * In nursing theory development research, is an approach to theoretical inquiry that uses analogy as a method for devising theory * Synthesis of induction and deduction and looks for the simplest and most likely conclusion of a set of observations * Creative inference (i.e. pragmatic) * Synthesis of induction and deduction and looks for the simplest and most likely conclusion of a set of observations * Very qualitative approach to reasoning – uses analogy of reasoning

Answer 45

Conceptualize the Study Design the Study Conduct the Study Analyze the Data Interpret the Findings Disseminate the Findings

Answer 46

Develop a researchable topic o Identify the problem: Why? o Review the literature o Devise research question(s)

Answer 47

* Identify a methodology * Identify population/sample * Method of data collection * Ethical principles * Demonstrate rigor/trustworthiness

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Obtain ethical approval Recruit sample Collect data o Quantitative or qualitative o Pilot study/pilot interview - Identifies potential problems and strategies to modify the research plan

Answer 49

Analyze it lol Quantitative - statistical analysis Qualitative - thematic analysis

Answer 50

* Discuss implications for nursing and further research * Linking findings to the question * Focus on the meaning and implications of the result * Discuss the findings in relation to the studies/evidence identified in the literature * Recognize the strength and limitations of study

Answer 51

* Knowledge transfer to peers and interested groups * Publications, conferences, presentations, etc.

Answer 52

Knowledge we have when we say that “such and such is the case” Includes knowledge of theories, facts, and laws Ex. Knowing what each key on the piano denotes Philosophically, knowledge  Rationalism – comes to us through the use of reason * “I think, therefore I am” = Descartes * Top down thinking  Empiricism – is derived from our experiences of the world * “tabula rasa” the blank slate – Aristotle Occurs by sensation and then reflection Bottom up thinking

Answer 53

o Knowledge that we have because we have experienced it o Ex. The joy we feel when we hear a piano play o Also entails some propositional knowledge

Answer 54

o The knowledge of how to do something o Ex. Knowing how to play the piano o May entail some propositional knowledge

Answer 55

Quantitative data analysis Descriptive - describes participants by their demographics and pattern of response Inferential - Determines likelihood that results of the study occurred by chance or an actual reflection of the population

Answer 56

Quantitative data analysis * Describes participants by their demographics and pattern of response

Answer 57

Quantitative data analysis * Determines likelihood that results of study occurred by chance or an actual reflection of the population

Answer 58

o Thematic analysis o Analyze text into codes o Themes and concepts