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Vascular Plants Lab > Stems and Roots > Flashcards

Stems and Roots Flashcards

1
Q

Monocot vs dicot differences
-coteyledon
-veins
-vascular bundles
-roots
-petals

A

Monocot
-1
-parallel
-complexly arranged
-fibrous roots
-in multiples of 3’s

Dicot
-2
-netlike veins
-arranged in ring
-taproot
-multiples of 4 or 5’s

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2
Q

The term secondary growth, includes the formation of …… as well as that of ……. From a layer of ……

A

Periderm
Secondary vascular tissues
Cambium-cork cambium and/ or vascular cambium

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3
Q

Soft woods in secondary growth consist of

A

Cortex, resin duct, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, medullary ray

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4
Q

Secondary growth of hard woods consists of

A

Cortex, medullary (starch) sheath, xylem tissue, vascular cambium, phloem tissue, endodermis, cortex, periderm, cork cambium (phellogen) ,cork (phellum)

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5
Q

Environmental adaptations to stems

A

Epidermis, outer and inner cortex, lamellae, air chambers, idk blasts and stele-like zone

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6
Q

Storage stems (and leaves) examples

A

Bulb, stem tuber, corm, rhizome

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7
Q

Primary and lateral roots

A

Primary are the larger roots in which the lateral roots join off of

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8
Q

What develops from the pericycle

A

Secondary or lateral roots

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9
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Any root that arises from an organ of the plant, or an area of the embryo other than the primary root (ex: arise from stem)

Prop rots of corn, mangrove trees, banyan greets

Firbrous root system

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10
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Mycorrhizal fungal filaments radiating from a mycorrhizal colonized root

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11
Q

The primary structure of the stem is divided into 3 tissue system:

A

Dermal -epidermis and peridermis

Fundamental - parenchyma, collenchyma, chloenchyma

Vascular -phloem(sieve tubes) and xylem (tracheids and vessels)

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12
Q

Which three meristematic tissues are initiated by the apical meristem of the stem

A

Protoderm- forms epidermis

Procambium- forms primary vascular tissue

Ground meristem-produces fundamental tissues

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13
Q

Grandular and non grandular trichomea

A

Grandular have a Grandular head and secrete secondary metabolites (long, uni-seriate)

Non Grandular have no Grandular head and protect from UV (short, multi-seriate)

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14
Q

Secondary growth main focus

A

Increases the amount of vascular tissues in stem, beginning with the part of the shoot or seedling axis that has ceased to elongate. Contributes primarily to thickness of the axis but may be observed in limited amount in the leaves, particularly petiole and the midrib.

Formation of periderm and secondary vacuole tissue

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15
Q

Which plants are examples of ones that exhibit secondary growth

A

Gymnosperms, woody Eudicots

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16
Q

Some herbaceous eudicots and most monocots have no____

A

Secondary thickening

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17
Q

Coniferous woods (soft woods) have _____ as the main structural element in their composition

A

Tracheids

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18
Q

Many herbaceous anthophyta develop secondary growth as they ______ and therefore start to resemble _____

A

Grow older

Young woods anthophyta

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19
Q

Lenticels function

A

Function as passages to the inner stem tissues are are used for gas exchange

Special stem structures

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20
Q

Leaf abscission

A

Dark band crossing the base of a petiole (joins the leaf to the stem)

The region of the leaf stalk in which a corky layer forms and weakens the attachment of the leaf to the stem which will eventually break off.

Special stem structures

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21
Q

Geophytes

A

Underground storage organs and the plants that bear them

-contain overwintering (perennating) buds from which new growth will arise.

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22
Q

Geophyte storage organs

A

Bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes

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23
Q

Bulbs

A

A true bulb, such as an onion, consists of fleshy layers of leaves that store food for the developing plant. The roots at bulbs base anchor the plant in the soil and absorb nutrients. The central tip of the top of the bulb is the bud from which leaves eventually emerge.

Daffodils, tulips, Lillie’s and garlic

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24
Q

Corms

A

Such as gladiolus, contain a solid mass of vertically compressed stem tissue, rather than concentric rings of leaves.

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25
Q

Tubers

A

A swollen stem. Shoots develop from the buds or eyes on the potato. If you cut the river into pieces; each piece will develop into a mature plant so long as the cut piece has at least one eye.

Potatoes

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26
Q

Root tubers

A

Develop from the root rather than the stem

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27
Q

Potato tuber

A

All parts of the normal stem, including nodes and internodes.

The nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar (eyebrow). Nodes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral way. Internally, a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged parenchyma-like cells.

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28
Q

Stem tuber of potato

A

Has same stem structure with pith, vascular zones and a cortex

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29
Q

Rhizomes

A

Scaly, horizontal underground stems. Example is a fern, from which upright shoots arise.

Some are swollen storage organs like in ginger and irises

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30
Q

Function of roots

A

-anchorage
-absorption
-storage
Conduction

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31
Q

Biennials

A

Plants that complete their life cycle over a two year period

Sugar beets, carrots

Large food reserves accumulate in the storage regions of the root during first year and then are used during the second year to produce flowers, fruits and seeds.

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32
Q

A seed is a completele ____, _____ plant

A

Dormant
Miniature

33
Q

At maturity, the embryo is differentiated into a rudimentary shoot called the _____; one or two specialized seed leaves or _____ and a root or _____. The axis of the embryo above the seeds leaves which gives rise to the stem and its origins is called the _____. The transition zone between the raid led and the plumule is called the _____

A

Plumule

Cotyledons

Radicle

Epicotyl

Hypocotyl

34
Q

The radicle develops into the _______ even before the seed _____

A

Root cap, apical meristem, Protoderm, Procambium and ground meristem

Germinates

35
Q

Which of the radicle differentiated parts is not compromised of meristematic cells

A

Root cap

36
Q

Apical cell

A

Most distal structure in the root and gives rise to the remainder of the root system

37
Q

The tip of the root is covered by a ____ which _____

A

Root cap

Protects the apical meristem behind it and aids the root in its penetration of the soil

38
Q

As the root grows longer and the root cap is pushed forward, the cells on the periphery of the root cap are ______

A

Sloughed off which form a slimy covering around the root and lubricates it’s passage through the soil

39
Q

As quickly as the root cap cells are sloughed off…..

A

New ones are added by the apical meristem

40
Q

Functions of root cap

A

Protecting apical meristem
Aiding penetration
Controlling the response of the root to gravity

41
Q

Geotropism

A

Controlling the response of the root to gravity. Since it goes in the direction of gravity, it is known as positive geotropism

42
Q

Apical meristem produced cells into regions of cell division a short distance beyond the meristem. There are ____ regions or primary meristems which give rise to the permanent tissues of the root:

A

3

Procambium-rise to vascular tissue
Protoderm-rise to epidermal tissue
Ground meristem-fundamental tissue

43
Q

Region of cell division

A

Combination of the apical meristem and the nearby portion of root in which the cell division does occur

44
Q

Behind the region of cell division, but not sharply delimited from it, is the

A

Region of elongation

Measures only few millimeters. Results in most of the increase length of the root. Beyond this region the root does not increase in length

45
Q

Region of elongation is followed by the _______

A

Region of maturation

Most of the cells of the primary tissues mature. Root hair are also produced here. Therefore it’s sometimes called the root hair zone.

46
Q

Which zone has the most water absorption

A

Root hair zone

47
Q

Primary root

A

First external root of the plant originated from the radicle and is called the primary root

-taproot in gymnosperms and eudicots

48
Q

In monocots, the primary roots is usually short lived. The main part of the root system develops from the _______ that arise from the_____

A

Adventitious roots

Base of the stem

49
Q

______ systems generally penetrate deeper into the soil than do_____

A

Taproots

Fibrous root systems

50
Q

In aquatic plants, absorption is undertaken primarily by the

A

Foliage and stems

51
Q

Aquatic macrophytes

A

Large, submerged aquatic plants

52
Q

The major problem for all submerged plants is ______

What is used to help

A

Attainment of sufficient oxygen

Air chambers extending from the shoots and leaves to the roots.

53
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Spongy, negatively geotropic, aerating roots which are found in some plants growing in water-logged, badly aerated soils. They arise above the surface of the water and are perforated by many lenticels

Facilitate gaseous exchange between the air and the subsurface roots to which they are attached.

54
Q

Emergent macrophytes

A

Large, aquatic or semi-aquatic plants with aerial parts

55
Q

Epiphytes

A

Plants which grow attached to other plants
Ex: orchids

Have aerial roots which are exposed to the air. A large multi-layered epidermis on the outside surfaces of the roots (velamen) acts as water storage tissue and is a buffer zone which helps to reduce water loss

56
Q

Hydrophilic velamen function in different weather

A

Retain moisture in roots in low humidity

Absorb moisture from air in high humidity

57
Q

Clasping roots

A

Aerial roots develop at stem nodes.

They are modified adventitious roots

58
Q

Crampons

A

Clasping Roots if Virginia creeper that have terminal suckers

59
Q

Buttress roots

A

Common in large tropical trees. Occur at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the substrate.

Immense, exaggerated wall-like structures at the interface between the truncheons and the ground. Their function is to provide additional support to the stem

60
Q

Prop roots

A

Adventitious roots that form above the primary root at the nodes on the main stem or it’s branches. Woody prop roots from the horizontal branches of the banyan tree grown out of the branches and dangle vertical led downward and penetrate the soil=stilt roots

61
Q

Tuberous roots

A

Storage organs which act as overwintering organs in environments which have extreme fluctuations of either temperature or moisture.

62
Q

Fascicled

A

Clustered or branched

63
Q

Contractile roots

A

Monocots mainly but some herbaceous, perennial eudicots

-pull the shoot closer to the found or in the case of bulbs into the soil. The shortening of the root comes about through radial expansion and longitudinal contraction of inner cortical cells. The central vascular tissue becomes contorted because it is not involved in growth.

Makes difficult to take out of ground like dandelions!!!

64
Q

Haustoria

A

Adventitious roots that develop alone the stem in in contact with the host plant and establish connections with the vascular system of the host.

Ex: dodder

65
Q

Mycorrhizae fall into two groups

A

Extomycorrhizae

Endomycorrhize

66
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

Entire root tip is surrounded by a dense mantle of hyphae which penetrates the intercellular space

67
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

Fungus forms a very thin mantle but whose hyphae invade both the inter and intracellukar spaces

68
Q

Fungus and plant mutualistic benefits

A

Fungus breaks down complex organic molecules in the substrate that the plant can absorb.

The root provided the fungus with sugars and amino acids.

69
Q

Association of bacteria (rhizobium) with roots of legumes are very common.

How does it work?

A

The bacteria infect the roots and utilize nitrogen from the atmosphere, fixing it into a form that becomes available to the plant and to the bacterium itself.

70
Q

Common method of vegetative propagation

A

Induction of adventitious roots

Rooting if a stem which is still attachment to the parent plant =layering

Newly rooted part has been detached from its parent plant = propagation from cuttings

71
Q

Interfasicular cambium

A

Area between vascular bundles

72
Q

Where is the vascular cambium located

A

Between phloem and xylem

73
Q

What does a medullary ray look like under a microscope

A

Blue line running out of vascular bundle

74
Q

Aquatic plant adaptations

A

-air chambers to help with buoyancy and carry oxygen to root zone
-thin cuticle that allows passive transport throughout plant
-stele has less obvious vascular tissue as it is not necessary to be rigid with sclerenchyma when water holds it up
-reduced vascular bundles

75
Q

Mucilage cells

A

Secrete mucous to help prevent water loss in cactus
-located in parenchyma

76
Q

Adaptations for xeric plants

A

-mucilage cells
-thick cuticles to prevent water loss

77
Q

Do the vascular bundles in stems and roots have to be the same?

A

Nope

78
Q

Velamen

A

Moisture storage protector in epiphytes

79
Q

Woody anthophyta xylem vs coniferous

A

Woody has tracheids, vessels, woof fibres, xylem parenchyma and raya

Coniferous have tracheids
-no vessels
-no wood fibres

Vascular Plants Lab (8 decks)

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