Phlym Monilophyta-Classes Psilotopsida And Equisetopsida Flashcards
Phylum Monilophyta
Class Psilotopsida
-roots
-leaf type
-plant consists of
-vascular tissue of aerial stems and rhizomes are what stele
-sporangia type
Primitive and least complex of any living vascular plants
-no roots
-prophylls (scale like with no vascular tissue)
-dichotomously branched axes arising from subterranean, rootless rhizomes
-protosteles
-synangia
Synangia
United sporangia borne on short, lateral branches and hence are cauline
Trilobed sporangia structure in Psilotum
What generation is dominant in Class Psilotopsida
Sporophyte
In class Psilotopsida, the sporophyte and gametophyte generations are _____ at maturity
Independent
Gametophytes of Psilotopsida are
Cylindrical, subterranean, saprophytic, and their sperms are multi-flagellate
Phylum Monilophyta
Class Psilotopsida
Order Psilotales
-common name
-Psilotum (whisk fern)
Psilotum lacks which organs
Leaves
Whisk ferns are found where
Tropical and subtropical regions
True or false
Prophylls lack vascular tissue
True
Phlobaphene
Complex tannin molecule which deters herbivores
Psilotum stele
Protostele (actinostele)
Or
Siphonostele
Large sporangia of Psilotum are of which sporangia type and what spore type
Eusporangiate
Homosporous
Psilotum gametophyte characteristics
-cylindrical
-1cm long
-covered in rhizoids
-lack chlorophyll
-saprophytic
-dichotomous branching
-subterranean habitat
-monoecious
Antheridia and archegonia of Psilotum
Antheridia: Hemispherical, protrude slightly, single layer of jacket cells that cover multiflagellate sperm
Archegonia: partially sunken, short neck cells
Tmesipteris sp.
Taxonomy
Phylum Monilophyta
Class Psilotopsida
Order Psilotales
Tmesipteris sp. characteristics
-habitat
-rhizomes
-aerial branches
-leaf type
-Synangia
-pendulous epiphyte on trunks of tropical tree ferns or terrestrial and erect
-branching, rhizoids-bearing rhizomes to anchor
-may be unbranched or undergo one or several dichotomies
-Telomes (single central unbranched vein)
-bilobed and subtended by a pair of bracts
Phylum Monilophyta
Class Equisetopsida
Only present species
Equisetum sp.
Class Equisetopsida
-habitat
-roots, stems and leaves
-steles of stems
-Sporangia
-spore type
-sperm type
-Vascular terrestrial plants
-roots, stems and whorled leaves
-protostelic or siphonstelic
-Eusporangia- sporangiophores (branches which bear sporangia arranged in whorls)
-Homosporous
-multiflagellate
Order Equisetales
-habitat
-common name
-many different but not Antarctica
-horsetails (branches into species, scouring rushes (unbranched species),
Genus Equisetum
-what is the dominant organ
-leaves
-leaf base is fused with what?
-most photosynthesis occurs where?
-stem
Dry and scale like but are photosynthetic for a short period of time after they form.
-collar
-stem
The cells of the epidermis of Equisetum contain what
Silica in cell walls
Makes plant very tough and abrasive
(Scorching rushes)
In Equisetum sp. the roots are ______ in origin, and arise at the __________ or their _______
Adventitious
Base of lateral branches
Node primordia
Equisetum sp.
Root hairs arise from what cell types
The occasional branch root will develop endogenously meaning what?
Peculiar
Cubical
Epidermal
From inside of the root from pericycle
Equisetum sp.
-spore type
-sporangia located where
-sporogenous tissue of young sporangium surrounded by…
-Homosporous
-strobilus
-tapetum (nutritious layer in sporangium), and a wall several cells thick
E. hyemale strobili
E. arvense strobili
Strobili develop at the tips of vegetative axes.
Usually borne on a non-chlorophyllous fertile branch that develops from the rhizome. Rhizome begin to produce green vegetative branches as the strobilate branches mature. The axis of the strobilus produces a series of surface enlargements each which grows into a sporangium-bearing structure called a sporangiophore (not Sporophylls)
As spore development continues, the walls of the tapetum break down and the released materials contributed to the _______
Nutrition of the developing spores
Spore structure of Equisetum sp.
The alls try crude if the mature spores is complex. The outermost wall layer consisting of four spirally arranged portions. These separate at the time of sporangium dehiscence, so that each spore bears 3 somewhat Espoo like appendages called elaters. These are hygroscopic and are quickly affected by slight changes in humidity
The production of seeds occurs in
Cycadophyta, Cycadeoidophyta, Pteridospermophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta (all gymnospemrs), and Anthophyta (angiosperms)
Gymnosperm meaning
Naked seeds or unprotected seeds
-plants whos seeds are borne on or in specified organs of the sporophyte plant or the ovules, which mature into seeds are borne in an exposed position on the Sporophylls
Angiosperm meaning
Seeds are enclosed in a structure variously known as a carpel, pistil or megapsporophyll
Flowering plants
All Angiosperms and gymnosperms are ______
Heterosporous
Gametophytes of angiosperms and gymnosperms
-non photosynthetic
-dependent on sporophyte
-sperm are independent, free-swimming, flagellated
-young embryo with its supply of nutrients is enclosed within a desiccation resistant seed coat
Phylum Cycadophyta
Common name
Woody gymnosperms
Phylum Cycadophyta
-stems
-leaves
-unbranched, upright stems
-large pinnate fronds (megaphylls)
Phylum Cycadophyta
Cycas sp.
Mature gametophyte characteristics
-3 cells: small prothallial cell, generative cell and a large tube cell
-double wall: outer wall is the exine, inner covering is the intine
Phylum Cycadophyta
Zamia sp.
Characteristics
-stem
-roots
-apex of stem
-short, vertical conical stem that tapers towards base
-fleshy roots at the base of stem
-supports a crown of spirally arranged, leathery, dark green, pinnately compound leaves
Zamia sp.
Vegetative structures
Fleshy stem, thinning into a taproot, leaves with long petioles and parallel venation
Zamia xerophytism characterisitcs
-epidermis of leaves is thicker heavily in the outer walls
-stomata are present only on lower surface of the pinnae and are sunken
-thick walled hypodermics below the upper epidermis
Zamia mesophyll: 2 layers or 1
2 - palisade and spongy zones
In cycads and in all sees plants, ____ types of spores are produced
2
One type produces male gametophyte and other produces female gametophytes
Spore that develops into male=microspore from microsporangia
Spore that develops into female=megaspore from mega sporangia
The mega sporangia and microsporangia of Zamia are segregated into different ____, which are produced by different individuals. This segregation into female and male plants is known as _____
Strobili
Dioecism
The microsporangia are attached to the ____ surface of each microsporophyll in Zamia
abaxial
The megastobili of Zamia are _______ in structure and are produced on _____.
The mega Sporophylls are _____ structures attached to the axis of the strobilus by ____.
Each megasporophyll bears ____, ____ white ovules
Massive
Female Zamia plants
Dark brown
Stipes
2, large
How many layers of the integument does Zamia have?
3
Phylum Ginkgophyta
One last species name
Ginkgo biloba
“Maidenhair tree”
Ginkgo biloba
-stem
-coniferous or deciduous
Stems have Vascular cambium and produce seasonal growth rings
Deciduous, new leaves every year
Dimorphism of branches in Ginkgo
The elongate main axes are known as long shoots. The older portions of the long shoots bear a number of short lateral branches, the short shoots (spur shoots). These develop from the lateral buds of long shoots after the first season.
Each shoot produces a cluster of leaves each season.
Ginkgo leaves
Leaves of the seedlings are deeply lobed, and those of the short shoot are almost entire.
The two vascular traces of the petiole form as they enter the blade, where they undergo repeated dichotomies.
Stomata occur exclusively on the abaxial surface of the leaves
Sporangia of Ginkgo
Microsporangia and ovules (megapsorangia) are borne in super are individuals, hence like the cycads, members of this group are dioecious.
Microstrobilus of Ginkgo
Each Microstrobilus is composed of an axis that bears spirally arranged microsporophylls.
Microsporophyll of Ginkgo
Each bears two elongate microsporangia.
Ovules of Ginkgo
Not borne on strobil, but occur in pairs, at the tips of stalks or peduncles
Both male and female sporangia of Ginkgo, and their support structures arise among the ______in early spring
Vegetative leaves if the short shoot
Cauline
Short branches
In Tmesipteris sp.
The leaves are
Flattened stems
The mega sporangium with integument is now called the
Nucellus
The ovule contains the _____ which develops from the ______
Megagametophyte
Megaspore
A seed is a ______ ovule
Fertilized
