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Vascular Plants Lab > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Monocots vs Dicots

A

-depends on how many “seed leaves” or cotyledons are present in the developing plant

-single leaf: monocot
-two leaves: dicot

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2
Q

Meristematic tissue
-apical
-lateral

A

-composed of immature cells and are regions of active cell division
-small, have thin walls and dense cytoplasm (few vacuoles if any)

-apical meristems: increase length
-lateral meristems: adds girth. Not all plants have these, but in those with secondary growth. “Tree rings”

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3
Q

Primary meristems

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground meristem
  3. Procambium

Eventually gives rise to three types of permanent tissues

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4
Q

Protoderm gives rise to

A

Epidermis in first growth

Cork cambium (in some plants), cork, phelloderm in second growth

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5
Q

Procambium gives rise to

A

-primary xylem and phloem in first growth

-fasicular cambium->vascular cambium->secondary xylem abd phloem in second growth

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6
Q

Ground meristem gives rise to

A

-Pith and cortex in first growth

-interfasicula and cork cambium in second growth

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7
Q

Permanent tissues in plants
-surface
-fundamental
-vascular

A

-epidermis
-periderm

-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenchyma
-endodermis

-xylem
-phloem

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8
Q

The epidermis holds the cuticle which is….

A

A layer that provides a waxy, water resistant covering

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9
Q

Parenchyma

A

Houses chloroplasts in leaves (chlorenchyma)
-found in roots, stems and leaves
-relatively unspecialized
-may take on cell division or undergo specialization and form other cell types
-alive at maturity
-have thin primary walls of cellulose
-Single, large vacuoles surrounded by a peripheral layer of cytoplasm
-loosely packed cells
-in stems and roots, function as storage of carbs, water and nutrients
-provides support

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10
Q

Collenchyma

A

-Functions in support and flexibility especially in young plants
-alive during most of functional existence
-elongate and thicker walls then parenchyma
-irregular thickening of cellulose deposited on inside

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11
Q

Sclerenchyma and it’s types

A

-specialized support cells
-more specialized then collenchyma
-at functional maturity, most are dead and very thick
-heavily lignified secondary cell wells give strength to the plant
-the lumen of the cell has been almost obliterated

Types: fibres and sclereids

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12
Q

Endodermis

A

Fundamental tissue that is the modified innermost layer of the cortex.
-surrounds vascular tissue in roots and less frequently in stems
-has lignin and suberin
-young endodermal cells are similar to parenchyma cells but have a band of thickening on radial and transverse side consisting of lignin and suberin and is called the casparian strip

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13
Q

Vascular tissues

A

-conductive tissue if derived terrestrial plants
-constitute the majority of photosynthetic biomass in many terrestrial ecosystems
-provide humans with almost all of their cultivated, food producing crops

-movement of water and solutes between roots and leaves
-allows for growth and larger size

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14
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that Transports water and dissolved substances UPWARD through tracheids

-forms continuous pathway running through the roots, stems and appendages of stems.

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15
Q

Phloem

A

Complex tissue that contains conducting cells as well as supportive fibres and parenchyma

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16
Q

Steles and types

A

Xylem+phloem

-Protostele (circle)
-actinostele (blob)
-Plectostele (scratches)
-siphonsteles (include a pith
-Amphiphloic siphonostele (pith and two phloem layers)
-Dictyostele (random vascular bundles)
-Eusteles (regular vascular bundles
-Atacrostele (vascular bundles in pith)

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17
Q

Phylum names end in

A

phyta

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18
Q

Class names end in

A

Opsida

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19
Q

Order names end in

A

ales

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20
Q

Family names end in

A

aceae

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21
Q

Latin plural ending changes
-a
-en
-ex or ix
-is
-itis
-on or oan
-um
-us

A

-ae
-ina
-ices
-es
-itides
-a
-a
-i or es

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22
Q

Non vascular plants are relatively undifferentiated, and the cells are mostly

A

Parenchyma

23
Q

All plant tissues can be divided into two major categories:

A

Meeistematic tissues and permanent tissues

24
Q

Permanent tissues

A

Composed of more mature, differentiated cells.

May revert to meristematic activity under certain conditions

25
Q

Meristems

A

Cell division becomes restricted largely to certain undifferentiated tissues in localized regions known as meristems

26
Q

Where are meristematic tissues

A

Growing tips, roots and stems

27
Q

Fundamental tissues

A

Tissues that are neither surface tissues or vascular tissues

Ex: parenchyma cells or pith and cortex, collenchyma cells in the angles of stems and sclerenchyma cells that form sheath on outside of vascular bundles

28
Q

Schlerenchyma cells are customarily divided into two categories

A

Fibers and sclereids

Fibres:
-elongated cells with tapered ends
-stronger but less flexible then collenchyma
-common in flax and hemp stems

Sclereids:
-variable shapes
-Unbranched sclereids called stone cells; common in nut shells
-asteiscleteid: star shaped sclereids that are flexible, floating in aquatic plants

29
Q

Casparian strip

A

Band of thickening running on transverse and radial ends of endodermis consisting of lignin (for strength) and suberin (water-proofing)
-continuous in each endodermal cells and is not permeable to water
-can regulate water and solutes to pass the cell membranes

30
Q

Complex tissues

A

Consist of more than one type of cell
-xylem
-phloem

31
Q

Flowering plant xylem

A

Xylem contains tracheids and vessel elements

32
Q

Xylem contains which fundamental tissues

A

Parenchyma and sclerenchyma
-especially fibres
-parenchyma are the only living cells in functioning xylem
-cytoplasm and nuclei or tracheids, vessel elements and sclerenchyma cells disintegrate at maturity, leaving the thick cell walls.
-schelenchymal fibres in xylem tissue function as support, particularly at aerial part of plant.

33
Q

Primary xylem

A

Formed during primary growth from Procambium and includes protocol em and metaxylem

34
Q

Protoxylem

A

-first part of the primary xylem that matures and these cells are usually smaller than the metaxylem

35
Q

Metaxylem

A

Develops after the protoxylem, but before secondary xylem. Has larger vessels and tracheids.

36
Q

Tracheids of primary xylem

A

-stretched during lengthwise growth which causes their secondary walls to be formed in rings or spirals.

37
Q

Secondary walls of secondary xylem develop after

A

All length-wise growth has ceased in that organ. Therefore secondary walls are more continuous, and tracheids are connected to one another by numerous pits

38
Q

Pits location

A

Pits occur anywhere in the cell wall but they are often particularly numerous on the tapered end of the cell where it abuts with the adjacent cell.

39
Q

Water and dissolved substances move upwards from _____ to _____ through the ____

A

Tracheid to tracheid

Pits

40
Q

Vessel elements

A

Conductive cells that are more highly specialized than tracheids.
-characteristic of flowering plants (anthophyta)
-not in gymnosperms (conifers)
-have pits and perforations along their sides, through which some lateral movement of substances may take place
-materials move upward or downward through their ends.
-ends are perforated or may be entirely open
-vessel elements are stacked one on top of other to form continuous tube.

41
Q

Vessel

A

Vertical series of vessel elements

42
Q

Difference if tracheid and vessel elements

A

Tracheids have only pits (no perforations) which are thin areas in the cell walls.

43
Q

Sieve elements

A

Principle vertical conductive elements in phloem and are arranged in a vertical series to form structures called a sieve tube. These tubes retain their cytoplasm at maturity unlike tracheids and vessels in xylem. However their nuclei disintegrate.

-elongated cells with specialized porous areas in their cell walls called sieve plates

44
Q

Sieve elements are connected by?

A

Strands of protoplasm connect the contents of one cells with those of the next through sieve plates. Food materials located in the cytoplasm can move from one cell to the next by cytoplasmic streaming.

45
Q

Companion cells

A

Specialized, elongated parenchymatous cells which are closely associated with the sieve elements in most flowering plants. Derived from the same original cell associated sieve element. Mature companion cells retain both their cytoplasm and their nuclei.

-controls its own cytoplasm and cytoplasm of adjoining sieve element

46
Q

Protosteles

A

-simplest and most primitive type
-solids core of xylem surrounded by a cylinder of phloem.
-3 configurations of this type:

  1. Haplostele: xylem core is a solid cylinder
  2. Actinostele: xylem has radiating cog-like protuberances
  3. Plectostele: xylem is cylindrical by phloem is inter spread within it.
47
Q

Siphonostele

A

Xylem and phloem form concentric cylinders around a central pith. Has two configurations

  1. Ectophloic siphonostele: phloem is restricted to the outer surface of the xylem
    2.Amphiphloic siphonostele (solenostele) phloem is found both external and internal to the xylem cylinder.
48
Q

Dictyostele

A

Stele appears as discrete strands or bundles in cross section. Each bundle has a central core of xylem, which in turn is surrounded by a cylinder of phloem and an endodermis.

49
Q

Eustele

A

Discrete bundles arranged around a central pith. The xylem usually forms the inner portion of each bundle and the phloem is oriented towards the outside. The bundles are usually arranged in a single ring, occasionally there are two or more rings around the pith.

50
Q

Atactostele

A

Shows a scattered arrangement of discrete bundles throughout the stem.

51
Q

In plant embryos, the radical, epicotyl, and cotyledon are all _____

A

Meristems

Radical-roots
Epicotyl-stem
Cotyledon-leaves

52
Q

The epidermis becomes the _____ in secondary growth

A

Periderm

53
Q

Fibers

A

Schlerechyma category that are very Elongated cells with tapered ends

54
Q

Sclereids

A

Schlerenchyma shape that are variable

Vascular Plants Lab (8 decks)

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