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Cell Biology > Stem Cells and Cell Survival > Flashcards

Stem Cells and Cell Survival Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are known to be the basic structure for all organisms?

A

Cell

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2
Q

what are the 3 general categories of cells?

A
  1. terminally differentiated
  2. G1 or G0 arrested
  3. terminally differentiated but replaced by proliferation of less differentiated cells
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3
Q

what are examples of those cells that are terminally differentiated?

A
  • cardiac muscle cells
  • neurons
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4
Q

what are examples of cells that are in G1 or arrested in G0?

A
  • skin fibroblasts
  • liver cells
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5
Q

those cells in G1 or arrested in G0 resume proliferation under what conditions?

A
  • as needed
  • to replace dead/injured cells
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6
Q

what do we call cells that are terminally differentiated but are replaced by the proliferation of less differentiated cells?

A

stem cells

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7
Q

list 3 examples of stem cells

A
  1. epithelial cells lining the GI tract
  2. blood cells
  3. epithelial skin cells
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8
Q

list 5 examples of differentiated cells that proliferate

A
  1. blood vessel endothelia
  2. smooth muscle
  3. epithelial cells of some organs
  4. fibroblasts
  5. liver cells
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9
Q

list 5 examples of differentiated cells that do NOT proliferate

A
  1. most fully differentiated cells
  2. skeletal muscle
  3. neurons
  4. cardiac muscle cells
  5. skin epithelium
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10
Q

endothelial cells are stimulated by what type of GFs to proliferate?

A

VEGF

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11
Q

oxygen-deprived cells secrete ________, leading to the production of new ________ into tissues lacking adequate oxygen.

A
  • VEGF
  • capillaries
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12
Q

what type of cells of internal organs are able to proliferate to replace damaged tissue?

A

endothelial cells

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13
Q

liver cells that are normally in what stage of the cell cycle are stimulated to proliferate if a large number is lost?

A

G0/1

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14
Q

what are stem cells?

A

specialized cells which are pluripotent

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15
Q

stem cells have the capability to give rise to

A

most cells, tissues, organs that make up an organism

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16
Q

the blastocyst stage is where the embryo’s

A

inner cell mass forms

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17
Q

the inner cell mass contains

A

embryonic stem cells

only exist briefly

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18
Q

the inner cell mass cannot form an organism. why?

A

they are unable to form a placenta

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19
Q

totipotent cells can become

A

every cell & tissue type of an organism

a fertilized egg

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20
Q

pluripotent cells give rise to most

A

cells, tissue, and organs that make up an organism

stem cells

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21
Q

multipotent cells give rise to

A

most cells of a particular tissue

blood cells

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22
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

less differentiated, self-renewing cells present in most adult tissues

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23
Q

adult stem cells retain the capacity to

A

proliferate and replace differentiated cells throughout an animals lifetime

24
Q

what is a key property of stem cells?

A

self renewal

25
Q

stem cells divide to produce

A
  • cell that remains a stem cell
  • cell that divides and differentiates
26
Q

stem cells are self-renewing and serve as a source of

A

differentiated cells throughout life

27
Q

the role of stem cells is evident in the production of

A
  • blood cells
  • sperm
  • epithelium (skin & digestive tract)
28
Q

stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt renew the

A

colon epithelium

29
Q

intestinal stem cells finally differentiate into what 3 types of cells?

A
  1. absorptive epithelium
  2. goblet cells
  3. enteroendocrine cells
30
Q

give examples of structures that are maintained by their own stem cells

A
  • epidermis
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous glands
31
Q

what type of muscle typically has little cell turnover?

A

skeletal muscle

32
Q

what are muscle stem cells known as

A

satellite cells

33
Q

satellite cells are normally found in what stage of the cell cycle?

A

G0

34
Q

satellite cells proliferate rapidly in response to

A

injury or exercise

35
Q

embryonic stem cells can be cultures from

A
  • ICM of blastocyst
  • early embryo
36
Q

mouse embryonic stem cells remain undifferentiated in the presence of

A

LIF (leukemia inhibitiry factor)

37
Q

what occurs if LIF is removed from mouse embryinic stem cells?

A

they aggregate and differentiate

38
Q

what can stem cell research be used for?

A
  • drug development
  • culture pluripotent stem cells for tissues/cell therapy
  • to study development and gene control
39
Q

SCNT stands for

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer

40
Q

explain the experiment that resulted in Dolly

A
  1. nucleus of adult somatic cells is removed
  2. nucleus transfered to an enucleated unfertilized egg
  3. egg is cultured to early embryo stage
  4. egg is implanted in a foster mother
  5. clone of nucleus donor is birthed
41
Q

the Dolly experiment can be used for

A

therapeutic cloning

42
Q

what issue is avoided with therapeutic cloning? why?

A
  • immune rejection
  • b/c cells are genetically identical
43
Q

list 3 pros of adult stem cells

A
  1. not likely to be rejected
  2. can differentiate into desired cell type in vitro
  3. avoid ethical issues
44
Q

list 4 cons of adult stem cells

A
  1. slow proliferation
  2. can NOT differentiate into many tissue types
  3. difficult to isolate and purify
  4. may contain mutations
45
Q

IPSCs stands for

A

induced pluripotent stem cells

46
Q

IPSCs reprograms somatc cells to resemble

A

embryonic stem cells

47
Q

how many transcription factors are needed to reprogram adult mouse somatic cells? how are they introduced?

A

4
- by retrovirus vectors

48
Q

specific transcription factors activate a program that is also expressed in embryonic cells…what is this program called?

A

pluripotency transcriptional program

49
Q

the pluripotency transcriptional program forms an

A

autoregulatory loop

+ regulate each others expression

50
Q

what gets activated/repressed in the pluripotency transcriptional program?

A
  • activate: pluripotency genes
  • repress: differentiation genes
51
Q

adult human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to provide a new way to derive pluripotent stem cells that can be used for

A

transplantation therapy

52
Q

what obstacles are bypassed when adult human fibroblasts are reprogrammed?

A
  • original transcription factors can act as oncogenes
  • retroviral genes can cause mutations
53
Q

what is transdifferentiation?

A

reprogramming somatic cells into other types of differentiated cells

fibroblasts -> muscle cells/neurons

54
Q

adult stem cells from bone marrow can be developed into

A

cardiac cells

55
Q

list some potential uses of stem cells

A
  • stroke
  • blindness
  • myocardial infarction
  • muscular dystrophy
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • osteoarthritis
  • alzheimers
  • parkinsons
56
Q

intra-arterial stem cell transplantation in rats aim to deliver stem cells directly to the

A

brain without going through general circulation

induced TBI (4 week recovery period)

57
Q

list some current research w/ stem cells

A
  • aligator stem cells & tooth regeneration
  • insulin producing cells to cure diabetes
  • stronger patient-specific bones for graphs

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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