Stem Cells and Cell Survival

Question 1

what are known to be the basic structure for all organisms?

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

what are the 3 general categories of cells?

Answer 2

1. terminally differentiated
2. G1 or G0 arrested
3. terminally differentiated but replaced by proliferation of less differentiated cells

Question 3

what are examples of those cells that are terminally differentiated?

Answer 3

• cardiac muscle cells
• neurons

Question 4

what are examples of cells that are in G1 or arrested in G0?

Answer 4

• skin fibroblasts
• liver cells

Question 5

those cells in G1 or arrested in G0 resume proliferation under what conditions?

Answer 5

• as needed
• to replace dead/injured cells

Question 6

what do we call cells that are terminally differentiated but are replaced by the proliferation of less differentiated cells?

Answer 6

stem cells

Question 7

list 3 examples of stem cells

Answer 7

1. epithelial cells lining the GI tract
2. blood cells
3. epithelial skin cells

Question 8

list 5 examples of differentiated cells that proliferate

Answer 8

1. blood vessel endothelia
2. smooth muscle
3. epithelial cells of some organs
4. fibroblasts
5. liver cells

Question 9

list 5 examples of differentiated cells that do NOT proliferate

Answer 9

1. most fully differentiated cells
2. skeletal muscle
3. neurons
4. cardiac muscle cells
5. skin epithelium

Question 10

endothelial cells are stimulated by what type of GFs to proliferate?

Answer 10

VEGF

Question 11

oxygen-deprived cells secrete ________, leading to the production of new ________ into tissues lacking adequate oxygen.

Answer 11

• VEGF
• capillaries

Question 12

what type of cells of internal organs are able to proliferate to replace damaged tissue?

Answer 12

endothelial cells

Question 13

liver cells that are normally in what stage of the cell cycle are stimulated to proliferate if a large number is lost?

Answer 13

G0/1

Question 14

what are stem cells?

Answer 14

specialized cells which are pluripotent

Question 15

stem cells have the capability to give rise to

Answer 15

most cells, tissues, organs that make up an organism

Question 16

the blastocyst stage is where the embryo’s

Answer 16

inner cell mass forms

Question 17

the inner cell mass contains

Answer 17

embryonic stem cells

only exist briefly

Question 18

the inner cell mass cannot form an organism. why?

Answer 18

they are unable to form a placenta

Question 19

totipotent cells can become

Answer 19

every cell & tissue type of an organism

a fertilized egg

Question 20

pluripotent cells give rise to most

Answer 20

cells, tissue, and organs that make up an organism

stem cells

Question 21

multipotent cells give rise to

Answer 21

most cells of a particular tissue

blood cells

Question 22

what are adult stem cells?

Answer 22

less differentiated, self-renewing cells present in most adult tissues

Question 23

adult stem cells retain the capacity to

Answer 23

proliferate and replace differentiated cells throughout an animals lifetime

Question 24

what is a key property of stem cells?

Answer 24

self renewal

Question 25

stem cells divide to produce

Answer 25

- cell that remains a stem cell - cell that divides and differentiates

Question 26

stem cells are self-renewing and serve as a source of

Answer 26

differentiated cells throughout life

Question 27

the role of stem cells is evident in the production of

Answer 27

- blood cells - sperm - epithelium (skin & digestive tract)

Question 28

stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt renew the

Answer 28

colon epithelium

Question 29

intestinal stem cells finally differentiate into what 3 types of cells?

Answer 29

1. absorptive epithelium 2. goblet cells 3. enteroendocrine cells

Question 30

give examples of structures that are maintained by their own stem cells

Answer 30

- epidermis - hair follicles - sebaceous glands

Question 31

what type of muscle typically has little cell turnover?

Answer 31

skeletal muscle

Question 32

what are muscle stem cells known as

Answer 32

satellite cells

Question 33

satellite cells are normally found in what stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 33

G0

Question 34

satellite cells proliferate rapidly in response to

Answer 34

injury or exercise

Question 35

embryonic stem cells can be cultures from

Answer 35

- ICM of blastocyst - early embryo

Question 36

mouse embryonic stem cells remain undifferentiated in the presence of

Answer 36

LIF (leukemia inhibitiry factor)

Question 37

what occurs if LIF is removed from mouse embryinic stem cells?

Answer 37

they aggregate and differentiate

Question 38

what can stem cell research be used for?

Answer 38

- drug development - culture pluripotent stem cells for tissues/cell therapy - to study development and gene control

Question 39

SCNT stands for

Answer 39

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 40

explain the experiment that resulted in Dolly

Answer 40

1. nucleus of adult somatic cells is removed 2. nucleus transfered to an enucleated unfertilized egg 3. egg is cultured to early embryo stage 4. egg is implanted in a foster mother 5. clone of nucleus donor is birthed

Question 41

the Dolly experiment can be used for

Answer 41

therapeutic cloning

Question 42

what issue is avoided with therapeutic cloning? why?

Answer 42

- immune rejection - b/c cells are genetically identical

Question 43

list 3 pros of adult stem cells

Answer 43

1. not likely to be rejected 2. can differentiate into desired cell type in vitro 3. avoid ethical issues

Question 44

list 4 cons of adult stem cells

Answer 44

1. slow proliferation 2. can NOT differentiate into many tissue types 3. difficult to isolate and purify 4. may contain mutations

Question 45

IPSCs stands for

Answer 45

induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 46

IPSCs reprograms somatc cells to resemble

Answer 46

embryonic stem cells

Question 47

how many transcription factors are needed to reprogram adult mouse somatic cells? how are they introduced?

Answer 47

4 - by retrovirus vectors

Question 48

specific transcription factors activate a program that is also expressed in embryonic cells...what is this program called?

Answer 48

pluripotency transcriptional program

Question 49

the pluripotency transcriptional program forms an

Answer 49

autoregulatory loop | + regulate each others expression

Question 50

what gets activated/repressed in the pluripotency transcriptional program?

Answer 50

- activate: pluripotency genes - repress: differentiation genes

Question 51

adult human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to provide a new way to derive pluripotent stem cells that can be used for

Answer 51

transplantation therapy

Question 52

what obstacles are bypassed when adult human fibroblasts are reprogrammed?

Answer 52

- original transcription factors can act as oncogenes - retroviral genes can cause mutations

Question 53

what is transdifferentiation?

Answer 53

reprogramming somatic cells into other types of differentiated cells | fibroblasts -> muscle cells/neurons

Question 54

adult stem cells from bone marrow can be developed into

Answer 54

cardiac cells

Question 55

list some potential uses of stem cells

Answer 55

- stroke - blindness - myocardial infarction - muscular dystrophy - diabetes - cancer - osteoarthritis - alzheimers - parkinsons

Question 56

intra-arterial stem cell transplantation in rats aim to deliver stem cells directly to the

Answer 56

brain without going through general circulation | induced TBI (4 week recovery period)

Question 57

list some current research w/ stem cells

Answer 57

- aligator stem cells & tooth regeneration - insulin producing cells to cure diabetes - stronger patient-specific bones for graphs