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Cell Biology > Chapter 13: Mitochondria: Bioenergetics & Peroxisomes > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Mitochondria: Bioenergetics & Peroxisomes Flashcards

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1
Q

glucose is _________ to produce ATP

A

oxidized

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2
Q

oxidative phosphorylation describes how ATP is synthesized as

A

electron carriers are reoxidized in the presence of O2

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3
Q

what are the 2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • electron transport chain
  • chemiosmosis
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4
Q

why does the electron transport chain have so many steps instead of just one?

A

too much free energy released all at once could not be harvested by the cell

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5
Q

instead of the ETC releasing all the energy at once there are

A

a series of reactions, each releasing a small amount of energy

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6
Q

the ETC has transmembrane complexes that act as

A

proton pumps

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7
Q

use of the proton pump results in the

A

active transport of H+ across the IM of the mitochondria

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8
Q

pumping H+ along the IM of the mitochondria creates the

A

proton motive force

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9
Q

what is the proton motif force?

A

storage of potential energy that drives chemiosmosis

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10
Q

the proton pump results in what 2 things

A
  1. a proton [] gradient
  2. potential energy
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11
Q

describe potential energy

A

an electric charge difference across the IM

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12
Q

what is known as a large complex rotary enzyme

A

ATP synthase

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13
Q

ATP synthase uses __________ to make _________

A

diffusion energy to make ATP

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14
Q

ATP synthase allows

A

the diffusion of H+ back into the mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

ATP uses the energy from H+ diffusion to make ATP from

A

ADP and Pi

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16
Q

what are the subunits to ATP synthase

A
  • F0 subunit
  • F1 subunit
  • Gamma subunits
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17
Q

the F0 subunit is part of the

A

transmembrane

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18
Q

the F1 subunit projects into the

A

mitochondrial matrix

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19
Q

the F1 subunit rotates to

A

expose active sites of ATP synthesis

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20
Q

the F1 subunit contains binding sites for

A

ADP & Pi

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21
Q

the gamma subunit is the unit which

A

rotates

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22
Q

F0 and F1 are connected by

A

gamma subunit

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23
Q

the F1 subunit is also known as the

A

catalytic subunit

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24
Q

the enzyme ATP synthase is

A

reversible

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25
Q

what does it mean for ATP synthase to be reversible?

A

it can transport H+ through F0 against its concentration gradient

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26
Q

as H+ pass through F0 subunit, gamma rotates causing a

A

conformational change in the alpha and beta subunits

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27
Q

in Boyer’s three-state conformational model ‘open’ was described to be

A
  • low substrate affinity
  • no catalytic activity
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28
Q

in Boyer’s three-state conformational model ‘loose’ was described to be

A
  • binding of ADP to Pi
  • no catalytic activity
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29
Q

in Boyer’s three-state conformational model ‘tight’ was described to be

A
  • high substrate affinity
  • catalytic activity
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30
Q

the matrix of the MTCH contains

A

DNA and enzymes for oxidative metabolism

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31
Q

what part of the MTCH plays a role in apoptosis?

A

the OM

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32
Q

the OM is highly permeable to

A

small molecules

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33
Q

name for channels on the MTCH

A

porins

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34
Q

porins allow for

A

passive diffusion

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35
Q

what component of the MTCH has a similar composition to the cytosol?

A

the intermembrane space

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36
Q

MTCH own circular DNA codes for

A
  • tRNAs
  • rRNAs
  • few proteins
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37
Q

the extensive surface area of the inner membrane of the MTCH is used for

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

the MTCH is rich in proteins involved in

A

e- transport & chemiosmosis

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39
Q

IM in the MTCH is impermeable to

A

small molecules and ions

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40
Q

how is the MTCH network motified?

A

by constantly fusing and dividing

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41
Q

fusion of the MTCH network allows for exchange in

A

genetic material

42
Q

the growth of the MTCH is done by

A
  • uptake of proteins and lipid synthesis
  • budding and division
43
Q

MTCH are localized in

A

regions of high ATP use

44
Q

what areas of the body are highly enriched in MTCH?

A

skeletal muscle & nerve synapses

45
Q

what is the main function of phospholipid transfer proteins?

A

to transfer lipids from the ER and mitochondria

46
Q

describe the process of phospholipid transfer

A
  • phospholipid transfer proteins extract lipids from the cytosolic face of the SER
  • protect hydrophobic tails while transporting through cytosol
  • release phospholipids at the growing MTCH mem.
47
Q

the MTCH is not part of the

A

secretory pathway

48
Q

MTCH proteins, including ETC complexes must be

A

imported and accurately localized

49
Q

synthesis of MTCH occurs on

A

free ribosomes in the cytosol

50
Q

what are the 4 areas for proteins in the mitochondria?

A
  • IM
  • OM
  • matrix
  • IMS
51
Q

what are the 3 general features of MTCH import?

A
  • precuror proteins are targeted to the MTCH matrix by a MSF
  • ONLY unfolded proteins are imported
  • translocation to matrix occurs where OM and IM are close
52
Q

what are the 3 separate inputs of energy required for transport?

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis in the cytosol
  2. electrochemical gradient
  3. ATP hydrolysis in the MTCH matrix
53
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis in the cytosol needed for in the MTCH?

A

to keep the protein unfolded

54
Q

what provides the electrochemical gradient in the MTCH

A

the proton-motive force across the IM

55
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis needed for in the MTCH matrix

A

for proper folding of the protein once its in the matrix

56
Q

MPP stands for

A

matrix protein peptidase

57
Q

PAM is a

A

ATP-dependent import motor protein

58
Q

PS stands for

A

presequence

59
Q

SAM stands for

A

sorting and assembly machinery

60
Q

TIM stands for

A

translocase of the IM

61
Q

TOM stands for

A

translocase of the OM

62
Q

precursor proteins possess either an

A

N-terminus presequence

internal signal sequence

63
Q

the N-terminus presequence can be described as

A

a + charged amphipathic alpha-helix

64
Q

define amphipathic

A

has a + charge on only 1 side of the presequence

65
Q

the N-terminus presequence is recognized by receptors in the

A

TOM complex

66
Q

the N-terrminus presequnce targets proteins to the

A

matrix

67
Q

an internal signal sequence targets the protein to the

A

inner/outer MTCH membranes

68
Q

beta-barrel OM proteins are processed by

A

SAM

69
Q

what are the proteins required for transport of matrix-destined proteins across the IM?

A

TIM23 and PAM

70
Q

which protein complex inserts carrier proteins into the IM?

A

TIM22

71
Q

TIM23 is associated w/

A

PAM

72
Q

TIM23 translocates proteins into the

A

matrix

73
Q

Hs70 aids

A

PAM complex in ratchet mechanism

74
Q

explain the ratchet mechanism

A

ATP binding & hydrolysis of PAM

75
Q

carrier proteins allow the transport of metabolites across the

A

IMS

76
Q

peroxisomes are small single membrane organelles w/ NO

A

DNA

77
Q

peroxins are proteins that ONLY function as

A

peroxisomes

78
Q

what type of enzymes are peroxisomes

A

metabolic

79
Q

peroxisomes are synthesized on

A
  • cytosolic ribosomes: mem. proteins
  • free ribosomes : matrix proteins
80
Q

where is the signal of peroxisomes located?

A

on the c-terminus

81
Q

peroxisomes are replicated by

A

division

82
Q

peroxisomes are regenerated when

A

depleted

83
Q

what is a syndrome caused by the mutation of peroxisome import proteins?

A

Zellwegar syndrome

84
Q

are peroxisomes a part of the secretory system?

A

NO

85
Q

what is the byproduct of fatty acid oxidation?

A

H2O2

86
Q

which enzyme degrades H2O2

A

Catalase

87
Q

peroxisomes oxidize

A
  • uric acid
  • aa
  • methanol
  • purines
  • fatty acids
88
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes in the liver?

A

synthesize bile salts from cholesterol

89
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes in the brain and heart?

A

synthesize plasmalogens

90
Q

plasmalogens are critical for

A

myelination & proper brain development

91
Q

what are the 2 main functions of peroxisomes in the plants?

A
  1. convert fatty acids to carbohydrates
  2. photorespiration
92
Q

membrane proteins are translocated into the…and inserted into the…

A
  • ER
  • peroxisome membrane
93
Q

the assembly of peroxisomes is done by

A

the budding and fusing of vesicles containing peroxins

94
Q

pex matrix proteins are synthesized on

A

free ribosomes

95
Q

pex proteins are imported as

A

folded polypeptides

96
Q

most pex proteins are targeted by a

A

PTS1 signal

97
Q

the PTS1 signal are recognized by

A

Pex5

98
Q

what does the Pex5/cargo complex bind to on the peroxisome?

A

the docking complex

99
Q

what are the 2 distinct mechanisms of the formation of new peroxisomes?

A
  1. vesicle budding from the ER
  2. growth/division of existing peroxisomes
100
Q

what does the MPP cleave from a protein?

A

presequnce

101
Q

MPP is associated w/

A

PAM

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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