Lab Midterm Flashcards
what is the formula to find the total magnification on a microscope?
objective lens x10
blood is a
connective tissue
what type of formed element is suspended in the liquid portion of blood?
plasma
the solid part of blood consists of
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
leukocytes are
white blood cells
thrombocytes are
platelets or cell fragments
what two types are leukocytes classified into
- granular leukocytes
- agranular leukocytes
granulocytes are further broken down into
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
agranulocytes are further broken down into
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
all blood and lymph cells are derived from a common precursor known as
pluripotent stem cell
the myeloid stem cells give rise to
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- monocytes
- thrombocytes
the lymphoid stem cell gives rise to
B & T lymphocytes
what are known as cancers of the blood and lymphatic systems?
leukemia’s & lymphomas
leukemias arise in
blood forming cells
lymphomas arise from
lymphocytes/ macrophages
how many types of white blood cells are there?
- granular leukocytes
- agranular leukocytes
what are the functions of white blood cells?
to protect the body from infection & disease
in leukemias do WBC increase or decrease in number?
increase
define hematopoesis
how blood cells differentiate from stem cells
what is polycythemia?
the excessive accumulation of red blood cells
hairy cell leukemia give a
hairy appearance to leukocytes
how many blood cells are in 1 mm3 of blood?
about 5 million
why do red blood cells appear like donuts?
b/c they lack a nucleus
how many liters of blood are present in a normal young adult?
about 5
list the 4 steps in forward pipetting
- first stop
- pipette in container, release slowly, remove excess liquid
- fist stop
- second stop
list the 4 steps in reverse pipetting
- second stop
- pipette in container, touch tip
- first stop
- discard remaining volume
4 step procedure for serial dilutions
- 8 test tubes
- 1 ml H2O in 2-8
- undiluted compound in 1-2
- 1 ml from 2-3 3-4 4-5…
what reagent substitution is not substitutable?
mono/tri-basic
dibasic is substitutable
in each case weigh dry reagents first add to flask then add
remaining volume of water or solvent
what instrument is used to count cells?
hemocytometer
list the steps in unstained cell counting
- clean hemocytometer & cover slide
- 100 microL in Eppendorf tube
- 10 microL in hemocytometer
- count cells in outer 4 corners
what stain was used to determine cell viability?
trypan blue
list the steps in stained cell counting
- clean hemocytometer & cover slide
- 100 microL in Eppendorf tube
- 100 microL of trypan blue
- 10 microL in hemocytometer
- count cells in outer 4 corners
cells are categorized according to
- cell origin
- manner of growth
primary cells are cells that have been
isolated directly from tissue
continuous cells have a higher
- growth rate
- cloning efficiency
- tumorigenicity
- viable chromosome compliment
transformed cells have been changed from
normal cells to cells w/ cancer properties
suspension cells grow
suspended in the growth medium
adherent cells grow in a
monolayer attached to the surface of a culture vessel
what is a subdivision of adherent growth
- anchorage-dependent
- anchorage-independent
anchorage-dependent cells require
attachment to a surface for cell proliferation
anchorage-independent cells do NOT
require attachment for cell proliferation
most cells used in research are
anchorage-dependent adherent cells
when removing a culture flask from the incubator its important to take note of
- color of medium
- clarity/ cloudiness
- clumped cells
yellowish medium is ________ and can indicate
acidic
- overgrown culture
- bacterial contamination
- too much CO2
orange medium in only slightly _________ and can indicate
acidic
- cells are healthy & growing NOT feeding
- cells may need to be passaged
purplish media is _____________ and can indicate
alkaline
- sparse non-growing culture
- mold contamination
- little CO2
for RNA isolation it is always important to
wear gloves and spray them w/ isopropanol
isolation of RNA can be applied to
- biosystematics
- function of sRNAs
- gene knockouts & silencing
- pathway mapping
- genomic profiling & diagnostics
list the 5 main protocol steps in RNA isolation
- transfer of lysate/ethanol mixture
- wash w/ 180microL wash 1
- x2 wash w/ 180microL wash 2
- discard flow-through & centrifuge for 1 min
- RNA in micro elution tube w/ 2x 15microL elution solution
