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Cell Biology > Chapter 19: Apoptosis > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Apoptosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many cell types do humans have?

A

200

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2
Q

metamorphic tissues such as…must be eliminated

A
  • tails
  • gills
  • digit webbing
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3
Q

in the nervous system _____ of early neurons are eliminated

A

50%

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4
Q

the neurons that are selected for survival are the ones that make the

A

proper connections with target cells

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5
Q

in adult tissues apoptosis is responsible for what in tissues that are undergoing cell turnover

A
  • balancing cell proliferation
  • maintaining constant cell #s
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6
Q

what provides a defense mechanism by which damaged/ dangerous cells can be eliminated?

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

damaged/dangerous cells are those that

A
  • have DNA damage
  • are infected by a virus
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8
Q

what are the steps in apoptosis?

A
  1. DNA fragmentation/chromatin condensation
  2. nucleus fragmentation
  3. cell fragmentation - membrane blebbing
  4. apoptotic bodies
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9
Q

cell fragments and apoptotic bodies are recognized and phagocytosed by

A

macrophages & phagocytic cells

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10
Q

how does apoptosis protect the surrounding cells?

A

by keeping all cellular material within a membrane

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11
Q

how do phagocytic cells recognize apoptotic bodies and cell fragments?

A

they recognize phosphatidylserines

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12
Q

what are the 3 gene products that play a key role in regulating and executing apoptosis?

A
  1. ced3
  2. ced4
  3. ced9
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13
Q

ced3 is a prototype of a family of mammalian proteases known as

A

caspases

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14
Q

ceds have ___________ residues in their active site and cleave after _____________ residues.

A
  • cysteine
  • aspartic acid
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15
Q

what are the common targets of ced3

A
  • inhibitors of nuclear DNase
  • lamins
  • cytoskeleton
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16
Q

the mammalian homolog to ced4 is

A

apaf-1

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17
Q

ced4 binds to

A

caspases to promote their activation

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18
Q

the mammalian homolog of ced9 is

A

Bcl-2

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19
Q

members of the Bcl-2 family are both

A

pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic

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20
Q

IAPs are

A

inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

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21
Q

what directly inhibits caspases?

A

IAPs

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22
Q

what are the 5 targets of caspases?

A
  1. ICAD
  2. nuclear lamins
  3. cytoskeleton proteins
  4. golgi matrix proteins
  5. scramblase (PS to cell surface)
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23
Q

what is known as the key activator caspase?

A

caspase 9

24
Q

caspase 9 is activated as it complexes w/

A

Apaf-1 & cytochrome C

25
Q

caspase 9 cleaves and activates effector caspases such as

A

caspase 3

26
Q

what are known as the central regulators of apoptosis?

A

Bcl-2 family

27
Q

Bcl-2 is homologous to

A

Ced-9

28
Q

Bcl-2 inhibits

A

apoptosis

29
Q

the discovery of this regulatory of apoptosis focused on the importance of cell survival in cancer..what is it?

A

Bcl-2

30
Q

what are the 3 functional groups of Bcl-2?

A
  1. antiapoptotic
  2. proapoptotic effector
  3. proapoptotic BH3-only
31
Q

what are the 2 domains of the antiapoptotic functional group of Bcl-2?

A

Bcl-2
Bcl-XL

32
Q

what are the 2 domains of the proapoptotic effector functional group of Bcl-2?

A

Bax
Bak

33
Q

what are the 5 domains of the proapoptotic BH3-only function group of Bcl-2?

A

Bid
Bad
Noxa
Puma
Bim

34
Q

under normal cell conditions BH3-only is

A

inactive

35
Q

under normal conditions antiapoptotic protein remains

A

bound to proapoptotic protein

36
Q

in apoptotic cells BH3-only interacts w/

A

antiapoptotic protein activating proapoptotic protein

37
Q

what are the 3 initial signals of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A
  1. Lack of GFs
  2. disease/infection
  3. cell/DNA damage
38
Q

in mammalian cells death signals induce apoptosis through damage to the

A

mitochondria

39
Q

what complex releases cytochrome C?

A

Bak & Bax

40
Q

the Bak & Bax complex is found on the

A

OM of the MTCH

41
Q

the release of cytochrome C from the MTCH leads to formation of the

A

apoptosome

42
Q

where is cytochrome C normally sequestered?

A

in the inner membrane space of the MTCH

43
Q

what components of the apoptosome are cytosolic?

A

apaf-1 & caspase-9

44
Q

the formation of the apoptosome activates caspase-9 which activates…

A

caspase-3

45
Q

what are the steps in DNA damage-induced apoptosis?

A
  1. DNA damage activates ATM & Chk2 kinases
  2. p53 is phosphorylated
  3. p53 activation leads to transcription of BH3-only proteins
  4. cell death
46
Q

what is the initial signal of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A

TNF & other cell death receptors

47
Q

what are the steps in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A
  1. TNF binds to receptor
  2. Caspase-8 is activated
  3. effector caspases are activated
  4. cleaves Bid
  5. mobilizes Bax and Bak
  6. intrinsic pathway follows
48
Q

what is an example of non-apoptotic cell death?

A

autophagy

49
Q

autophagy is a mechanism for the gradual turnover of

A

cell components in normal cells

50
Q

in the state of starvation the degradation of components provides

A

energy & recycles materials

51
Q

autophagy does not require caspases but rather the

A

accumulation of lysosomes

52
Q

what is known as programmed cell death in response to infection or DNA damage?

A

necroptosis

53
Q

TNF signaling leads to cell death by activating

A

RIPK3

54
Q

RIPK3 phosphorylates

A

MLKL

55
Q

MLKL complexes disrupt the

A

plasma membrane causing cell death

56
Q

GFs that signal cell survival bind to

A

receptor protein-tyrosine kinases

57
Q

activation of P13K leads to formation of

A

PIP3

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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