Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Medicine > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

0
Q

Symmetrical division?

A

Morula to blastomeres. Early development.

True stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Define stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell
Able to self renew
Differentiate into many cel types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asymmetrical division.?

A

Replaces self and produces daughter cell that develops.

Progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define epigenetics

A

Regulates gene expression and cell morphology without altering DNA sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms

A

Chromatin condensation
Post-translational modifications of histones
DNA cytosine marks
Non coding RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do histones variants do?

A

Affect chromatic structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Post-translational modification of histones mechanisms

A

Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Methylation
Ubiquitination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are DNA cytosine marks?

A

Methylation of cytosine in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do non coding RNA molecules do?

A

They are RNA molecules affiliated with Epigenetic memory. They REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION by binding to mRNA with antisense sequence.
Leads to transcriptional degradation or translational inhibition.
Therefore, adversely impacts protein expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Role of microRNA in Epigenetics?

A

Participate in establishment of de novo DNA methylation.

Therefore, critical in EPIGENETIC REGULATION.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Totipotency

A

Can form all cell types plus embryonic membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pluripotentcy

A

Inner cell mass. Forms all three germ layers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nullipotency

A

Terminally differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Roles of stem cells..

A 
Development
Tissue regeneration
Cancer development
Potential to treat incurable diseases
Advance understanding of biological processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
iPS cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do we need to characterize iPS cells?

A

Reprogramming efficiency is low
Partially programmed cells common
Tendency to acquire abnormal karyotypes
Allows for cross line and cross lab comparisons
Persistent transgene expression (gives incomplete reprogramming and instability)

16
Q

Criteria for characterization.

A

Morphological
Molecular
Functional

17
Q

Egs of DIAD models

A

Familial dysautonomia
Long QT syndrome
Dyskeratosis congenita

18
Q

Methods of stem cell delivery

A

Injection
Vascular route
Applied as cell layers
Seeded onto scaffolds

19
Q

Stem cells require … When regenerating organs

A

Vascular supply
Scaffold
Site specific signals
(We need a means to identify SC - reporter genes, differentiation markers)

20
Q

Issues with ESC

A

Teratoma

Immune rejection

21
Q

Issues with iPS

A 
Low cellular reprogrammed efficiency
Epigenetic memory
Oncogenic risks
Cell line to cell line variation
Low efficiency of cardiomyogenesis
22
Q

Embryonic stem cell factors

A

Oct 3/4. Sox2. Nanog. C-Myc.

CD24. E-Cadherin. TRA-1-81. TRA-1-60

23
Q

Haemopoeitic niche formed by

A

Subendosteal osteoblasts
Sinusoidal endothelial cells
Stroma (fiblastoid, adiposcytic, monocytic)

24
Q

Where is cardiovascular stem cell niche?

A

RV free wall, atria, outflow tracts.

25
Q

Characteristics of adult SC

A

Plastic

Transdifferentiate

26
Q

Components of stem cell niche

A

Stem cells
ECM
Local signaling cells
Effective range covered by signaling

27
Q

Main obstacle for adult stem cels

A

Renewable source needed
Hard to isolate and expand
Functional expansion needed - clinical potential

28
Q

How does OSN establish pluripotency?

A
  1. Activates expression of other pluripotency associated factors.
  2. Simultaneously downregulates differentiation genes
  3. Activates own/ and each others gene expression
  4. Extensive protein-protein interaction
    i. ESC transcription regulators
    ii. Chromatin remodeling
    iii. Modifies many factors
29
Q

hES need to maintain pluripotency and self-renewal. FGF2 and Activin/Nodal signaling is needed. How does it work?

A

Phosphorylates proteins of signaling cascades (MAPK, Wnt)
Phosphorylates Oct 3/4 and Sox2
Cooperates with GFs to up regulate Nanog

30
Q

Strategies for creating iPSCs

A
  1. Integrating vectors (rotavirus, lentivirus)
  2. Integrating excisable vectors
  3. Non-integrating DNA vectors (adenoviral, episomal, mini circle DNA)
  4. DNA free methods (Sendai virus, modified mRNAs, recombinant proteins/cell extracts)
31
Q

What is needed for generating iPSCs

A
  1. Calendar and POA
  2. Inactivated feeder layers
  3. Conditioned medium
  4. Serum free media
  5. B-fibroblast GF
  6. Feeder-free cultures and medium.

Molecular Medicine (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions