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Molecular Medicine > DNA and Genes > Flashcards

DNA and Genes Flashcards

0
Q

Epigenetics

A

Interaction of many genes or of the genotype with the environment.

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1
Q

3 genetic rules

A
  1. Genotype and phenotype are distinct
  2. Phenotype a from some alleles can mask others
  3. Organisms have two copies of each gene.
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2
Q

Replicon

A

Length of DNA that is replicated following one initiation event at a single origin.

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3
Q

What removes primers and fills in gaps

A

DNA polymerase ll

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4
Q

Critical requirements for replication

A

Template
Primer
3’OH end

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5
Q

What synthesizes RNA primer

A

Primase

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6
Q

Enzymes needed at replication fork

A 
DNA polymerase lll
SSBP
DNA gyrase
DNA helicase
Primase
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7
Q

Why deoxyribose sugar in DNA?

A

Additional OH affect helix structure/packing

DNA must remain stable (DNA needed for life, RNA less so)

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8
Q

Mutation in splice site causes

A

Splicing at alternative sites (cryptic sites)

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9
Q

Point of genetic exchange between synapses chromosomes

A

Chiasmata

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10
Q

Complete linkage

A

Only parental gametes produced (no crossing over)

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11
Q

Degree of crossing over between two loci is proportional to..

A

Interlocus distance.

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12
Q

G rich regions looped back on themselves..

A

G-quartets.

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13
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles present at one or more specific loci

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14
Q

Genome

A

The total genetic information in an organism

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism distinct of its genotype.

16
Q

Pure breeding

A

When a certain trait is seen regardless of generation.

17
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA, histones and nonhistone proteins within nucleus of eukaryotic cell

18
Q

Chromatic

A

One of the two copies of a replicated chromosome that is joined at the centromere to the other copy

19
Q

Centromere

A

Chromosomal region that holds sister chromatids together

20
Q

Nucleosome structure

A

Histones octamer

  • 2 copies of each core histone
  • long N terminus amino acid tail from each histone
21
Q

Transposon

A

DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome and alter the genome size

22
Q

Satellite DNA

A

Large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA

- main component of centromeres

23
Q

Why is DNA replication regulated?

A
  • to ensure all chromosomes replicate once per cycle

- to ensure that replication of the genome is error-free

24
Q

Replisome

A

Replicates DNA bidirectionally from origins

25
Q

Modes of DNA replication

A
  • conservative
  • semi conservative
  • dispersive
26
Q

Sequences that enhance ORC recognition

A
  • AT-rich sequences
  • dinucleotide repeats
  • asymmetrical purine-pyrimidine sequences
  • matrix attachment region sequences
27
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Initiates unwinding by cutting one of the strands

28
Q

Helicase

A
  • assists unwinding
29
Q

SSBP

A

Stabilizes separated strands and prevents them from recombining

30
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • links together nucleotides monomers as they hydrogen bond to complementary bases
  • can check for errors and make corrections
31
Q

Ligase

A

Unites small unattached DNA segments on a strand

32
Q

Key issues in DNA replication

A
  • unwinding of helix
  • reducing increased coiling generated during unwinding
  • synthesis of primer for initiation
  • discontinuous synthesis of second strand
  • removal of RNA primers
  • joining of gap-filling DNA to adjacent strand
  • proofreading
33
Q

Role of S checkpoint

A
  • stabilizes stalled replication forks
  • inhibition of initiation at unfired origins
  • inhibition of entry into G2 or M
  • slowing of ongoing fork progression
34
Q

Implications for low DNA replication

A

Wound healing

Development of embryo

35
Q

Functions of telomeres

A
  • protect chromosomes from improper fusion

- protect from degradation

36
Q

How can dsDNA be damaged

A
  • chemicals
  • spontaneous hydrolysis of nucleosides
  • spontaneous hydrolysis of cytosine to uracil
  • oxidation or methylation
  • UV light
37
Q

Uses of isolated genomic DNA

A 
PCR template 
Cloning
DNA sequencing
DNA fingerprinting
Crime investigation

Molecular Medicine (12 decks)

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