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VETS1021: Locomotion (Horse) > Stay Apparatus, Conformation, Gait > Flashcards

Stay Apparatus, Conformation, Gait Flashcards

1
Q

horses have two mechanisms to reduce fatigue and prolong ability to remain alert

A
  1. Nuchal Ligament
  2. Stay Apparatus
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2
Q

stay apparatus permits

A

standing for a long time while minimizing fatigue, with minimal muscular activity

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3
Q

basic principle of stay apparatus is that

A

if the horse relaxes most of its muscles, the legs will remain in a standing position

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4
Q

three parts to the stay apparatus

A

-stay apparatus of forelimb (proximal to carpus)
-stay apparatus of hindlimb (proximal to tarsus)
-suspensory apparatus (distal to carpus/tarsus)

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5
Q

two types of sleep in horses

A
  1. Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
  2. Paradoxical sleep (PS, includes REM)
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6
Q

paradoxical sleep (PS) only occurs

A

for a few minutes at a time, in lateral recumbency

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7
Q

total sleep required for horses is about

A

3-4 hours

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8
Q

the stay apparatus is part of a

A

fibrous support mechanism (FSM)

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9
Q

In the horse, if the muscles of the forelimb relax, ligaments and tendons should hold the leg in normal resting position (4)

A

-neutral shoulder and elbow
-extended carpus
-over-extended fetlock
-extended pastern and coffin joints

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10
Q

___% of weight in horses is on the thoracic limbs

A

60%

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11
Q

shoulder stability is done by (3)

A

-internal (short) tendon of biceps (radial insertion acts as fixed point)
-lacterus fibrosus
-extensor carpi radialis

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12
Q

flexion of elbow is prevented by (3)

A

-tension of medial head of triceps
-collateral ligaments
-origin of digital flexor muscles (medial humerus)

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13
Q

overextension of the carpus is prevented by

A

superior check ligament of the SDFT

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14
Q

flexion of the carpus is prevented by

A

tension of extensor carpi radialis from biceps tendon via lacterus fibrosus

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15
Q

suspensory apparatus of forelimb includes (3)

A

-suspensory ligament
-proximal sesamoid bones
-ligament from proximal sesamoid bones to cannon bone/phalanges

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16
Q

In the forelimb, fetlock, pastern, and coffin joint stability comes from (3)

A

-suspensory apparatus
-inferior check ligament of DDFT
-SDFT and DDFT

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17
Q

the hindlimb stay apparatus prevents legs from collapsing by preventing (2)

A

-flexion of stifle and hock
-overextension of fetlock and phalangeal joints

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18
Q

what links the stifle and hock

A

reciprocal apparatus

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19
Q

two cords of the reciprocal apparatus

A

-peroneus tertius
-superficial digital flexor

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20
Q

In the hindlimb, the superior and inferior check ligaments

A

-superior = nonexistent
-inferior = small

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21
Q

two important parts of the hindlimb passive stay apparatus include

A

-reciprocal mechanism
-locking of patella

22
Q

intermittent/permanent upper fixation of the patella is treated via

A

surgical desmotomy (transection) of medial patellar ligament

23
Q

reciprocal apparatus (3)

A

-comprised of two cords (peroneus tertius and SDF)
-mostly tendinous
-aids in both movement and stay apparatus functions

24
Q

the spring and coil mechanism involves (2)

A

-deep digital flexor
-superficial digital flexor

25
Q

SDF and DDF have (2)

A

-small muscle bellies
-long tendons

26
Q

natural gaits include (6)

A

-walk
-trot
-canter
-pace
-gallop
-backing

27
Q

equal stride gaits include (3)

A

-walk
-trot
-pace

28
Q

unequal stride gaits include (3)

A

-canter
-gallop
-backing

29
Q

the near side of the horse is the

A

left side

30
Q

The Walk is a

A

four-beat diagonal gait in eight phases, where second half mirrors first half

31
Q

during a walk, there is no

A

suspension phase - there is always one fore and one hind foot on the ground at any time

32
Q

The Trot is a

A

two beat diagonal gait (opposite fore and hind limbs), with two moments of suspension (no feet on ground)

33
Q

The Pace (4)

A

-same as trot except ipsilateral limbs (same fore and hind limbs)
-faster than a trot
-natural gait in some species
-prevents clipping/interference of feet

34
Q

The Canter is (2)

A

-eight phase with single suspension phase
-three beat with two feet landing together but other two landing independently of one another

35
Q

two types of gallop

A

-transverse (ex. horse, camel, buffalo)
-rotational (ex. dog, deer, antelope)

36
Q

gallop is ___ than canter

A

faster

37
Q

light contact of foot with medial surface of opposite foot is called

A

brushing

38
Q

when the toe of forefoot hits above the coronary band of the hind foot it is called

A

scalping (seen in trotters)

39
Q

when the inside of the hind foot clips the inside of opposite forefoot it is called

A

cross-firing (seen in pacers)

40
Q

when the toe of the hind foot strikes the sole of the fore foot on the same side it is called

A

forging

41
Q

when the toe of hind foot hits the fore heel on the same side it is called

A

over-reaching

42
Q

over-flexing of the carpus so that the hoof hits the caudal aspect of the elbow is called

A

elbow-hitting

43
Q

base wide is when

A

increased force on inside of hoof (tarsal valgus)

44
Q

“toe out” conformation is

A

winging

45
Q

“toe in” conformation is

A

paddling

46
Q

base narrow is when

A

increased force on outside of hoof (tarsal varus)

47
Q

Carpal Valgus is (3)

A

-lateral deviation of the fore limb from the carpus distally
-“knock kneed”
-common angular limb deformity

48
Q

Carpal Varus (2)

A

-medial deviation of the forelimb from the carpus distally
-“bow legged”

49
Q

the hoof should be

A

level when viewed from dorsal to palmar/plantar

50
Q

lordosis is also called

A

swaybacked

51
Q

foot angle should be the same as

A

pastern angle

VETS1021: Locomotion (Horse) (8 decks)

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