Joints & Ligaments Flashcards
A joint occurs
Between two bones
The joint cavity contains ___ and is surrounded by ____
Synovial fluid; joint capsule
Shoulder Joint (5)
-glenohumeral
-spherical joint
-lacks collateral ligaments
-support comes from supra- and infraspinatus muscles
-bursa of biceps tendon is a separate synovial cavity
Elbow Joint (6)
-radiohumeral
-cubical joint
-joint capsule forms a pouch in the olecranon fossa under the anconeus muscle
-medial and lateral humeral epicondyles are palpable
-lateral collateral ligament is short but strong
-medial collateral ligament is divided into long and short parts
The medial collateral ligament of the radiohumeral (elbow) joint (2)
-divided into long and short parts
-long part is a remnant of the pronator teres muscle
Three joints that comprise the carpus
-radiocarpal (antebrachiocarpal)
-intercarpal (middle carpal)
-carpometacarpal
The “knee” of the horse is a misnomer for the
Carpus
Proximal joint of the carpus
Antebrachiocarpal (radiocarpal) joint
Middle joint of the carpus
Middle carpal (intercarpal) joint
Distal joint of the carpus
Carpometacarpal joint
Movement (in degrees) of the:
A. Antebrachiocarpal (radiocarpal) joint
B. Middle Carpal (intercarpal) joint
C. Carpometacarpal joint
A. 100 degrees
B. ~45 degrees
C. 0 degress
5 main ligaments of the carpus
-common plantar ligament
-dorsal carpal ligament (extensor retinaculum)
-flexor retinaculum
-medial/lateral collateral ligaments
-intercarpal ligaments
Common Palmar Ligament of the Carpus (3)
-thick, continuous with joint capsule
-helps prevent over-extension
-extends distally to accessory ligament of the DDFT (ie. inferior check ligament)
Extensor Retinaculum (2)
-aka dorsal carpal ligament
-envelopes the extensor tendons of the dorsal aspect of the carpus (ie. Extensor Carpi Radialis and Common Digital Extensor)
Flexor Retinaculum (2)
-from the accessory carpal bone to medial aspect of joint
-encloses the carpal canal including the DDFT and SDFT
Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments of the Carpus (4)
-large
-complete
-extend from the distal radius to the metacarpus
-intermittent attachments to carpal bones
Two main ligaments of the sacroiliac joint and two facts
Sacroiliac Ligament
-dorsal and ventral
-incorporated into fibrous capsule of joint
Sacrosciatic Ligament
-equivalent to sacrotuberous ligament in the dog
-creates the grater and lesser ischiatic foraminae
In the ruminant and horse, the ligament of the head of the femur originates / inserts
Horse
O: pubic groove rear the acetabular notch
I: fovea of the femoral head
Ruminant
O: the acetabulum
I: fovea of the femoral head
The coxofemoral joint is the
Hip joint
Four ligaments of the coxofemoral joint
-cotyloid ligament
-accessory (femoropubic) ligament
-ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament)
-transverse acetabular ligament
Cotyloid Ligament (3)
-found in the coxofemoral joint
-fibrocartilage around rim of acetabulum
-equivalent of acetabular lip in the dog
Transverse Acetabular Ligament (3)
-found in the coxofemoral joint
-across the acetabular notch
-holds the accessory ligament in place
Ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament) (5)
-found. In the coxofemoral joint
-short and stout
-tightens on abduction
-prevents horse from “cow kicking”
-means hip luxurious are rare
Which ligament prevents horses from “cow kicking”
Ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament)
Which ligament of the hip joint is unique to Equidae
Accessory (femoropubic) ligament
Accessory (femoropubic) ligament (6)
-found in the coxofemoral joint
-unique to Equidae
-extension of the pre-pubic tendon
-enters acetabulum through acetabular notch
-attaches to the head of the femur
-reduces potential for abduction
The Stifle Joint has ___ patellar ligaments and they are called __
Three:
-medial patellar ligament
-intermediate patellar ligament
-lateral patellar ligament
Which ligament connects the patella to the femur
Femoropatellar ligament
The ___ patellar ligament is involved in the Stay Apparatus
Medial
Label the following
A. Lateral Femoropatellar Ligament
B. Medial Femoropatellar Ligament
C. Lateral Patellar Ligament
D. Intermediate Patellar Ligament
E. Medial Patellar Ligament
Label the following
- Medial femoral condyle
- Lateral femoral condyle
- Caudal cruciate ligament
- Medial collateral ligament
- Medial meniscus
- Craniomedial meniscotibial ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Lateral meniscus
- Cranial cruciate ligament
- Craniolateral meinscotibial ligament
3 compartments of the stifle joint
-femoropatellar joint
-medial femorotibial joint
-lateral femorotibial joint
Most communication in the stifle joint occurs between the
Femoropatellar joint and medial femorotibial joint
Label the following
A. Lateral Collateral Ligament
B. Lateral Meniscus
C. Caudolateral Meinscotibial Ligament
D. Meniscofemoral Ligament
E. Medial Meniscus
F. Caudal Cruciate Ligament
The tarsus (hock joint) is a ___ joint of ___ articulations
Compound joint; four articulations
Majority of movement in the hockey joint occurs in the
Tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint
Four articulations of the hock joint are
-tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint
-proximal intertarsal (mediotarsal) joint
-distal intertarsal (centrodistal) joint
-tarsometatarsal joint
The three extensor retinaculums of the hock joint are
-proximal (tibial) extensor retinaculum
-intermediate (tarsal) extensor retinaculum
-distal (metatarsal) extensor retinaculum
Extensor retinaculums form
Multiple bands of deep fascia covering extensor tendons
The flexor retinaculum forms
The outer wall (plantaromedial) of the tarsal canal/sheath
Ligaments of the hock
-lateral and medial collateral ligaments
-long lateral collateral ligament
-short lateral collateral ligament
The long plantar ligament is located on
The plantarolateral surface of the joint capsule
Joints of the manus and pes include
-fetlock joint (metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal)
-pastern joint (proximal interphalangeal)
-coffin joint (distal interphalangeal)
“Windgalls” or “windpuffs” is
Distension of the palmar pouch
MCJP and MTPJ stand for
Metacarpophalangeal joint and Metatarsophalangeal joint
The fetlock joint (3)
-involves metacarpal 3, first phalanx (P1), and proximal sesamoid bones
-joint capsule is large and loose (large range of movement)
-dorsal and palmar pouches/components
Collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-medial and lateral collateral ligaments
-superficial (dorsal) layer
-deep (palmar) layer
Superficial layer of the medial/lateral collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-dorsal part
-from proximal abaxial condylar fossa
-to proximolateral/medial aspect of P1
The collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints restrict
Movement to the sagittal plane
The deep layer of the medial/lateral collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-palmar part
-from abaxial condylar fossa
-to P1 and proximal sesamoid bone
The intersesamoidean ligament (proximal scutum) is between
Proximal sesamoid bones
The lateral/medial collateral sesamoidean ligament of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints origin/insertion
O: proximal sesamoid bones
I: MC/MT 3 and P1
The four distal sesamoidean ligaments
-straight sesamoidean ligament
-oblique sesamoidean ligaments (lateral and medial)
-cruciate sesamoidean ligaments (lateral and medial)
-short sesamoidean ligaments (lateral and medial)
Straight sesamoidean ligament (2)
-distal sesamoidean ligament of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-inserts on proximal part of P2
Oblique sesamoidean ligaments (4)
-distal sesamoidean ligament of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-lateral and medial
-deep to the straight sesamoidean ligament
-inserts on palmarodistal aspect of P1
Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments (4)
-distal sesamoidean ligament of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-lateral and medial
-deep to oblique sesamoidean ligaments
-crosses palmar surface of P1
Short sesamoidean ligaments (4)
-distal sesamoidean ligament of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
-lateral and medial
-deep to cruciate sesamoidean ligaments
-inserts close to articular surface of P1
The proximal interphalangeal joint is also called
Pastern joint
The dorsal pouch of the pastern joint is
At the level where the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament meet with the common digital extensor tendon
The proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint) has a ___ compared to the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints
Limited range of motion
Ligaments of the pastern joint (2)
-lateral/medial collateral ligaments
-paired axial and abaxial palmar ligaments
The paired axial and abaxial palmar ligaments of the pastern joint (3)
-O: palmar surface of P1
-I: fibrocartilage (middle scutum) of P2)
-prevents over extension of the joint along with straight sesamoidean ligament
