Statistics & Data Usage Flashcards
A statistic that represents a cohort’s probability of surviving at a particular point in time.
Survival probability
A summary display of the pattern of survival probabilities over time.
Survival curve
In statistics, patients who are observed until they reach the end point of interest are called _____ cases.
Uncensored
In statistics, patients who survive beyond the end of follow up or who are lost to follow up are called _____ cases.
Censored
The horizontal axis in a graph is also called the ____ axis.
X
The vertical axis of a graph is also called the ____ axis.
Y
The average of a series of numbers is also called the _____
Mean
The number that appears most often in a series of numbers is called the _____
Mode
The middle value in a series of numbers is called the ______
Median
Which method of survival analysis calculates the proportion of patients surviving to each point that a death occurs?
The Kaplan-Meier Method
Which method of survival analysis is more accurate in estimating a survival curve?
A. The Life Table method.
B. The Kaplan-Meier method.
B. The Kaplan-Meier method
Which survival analysis method involves dividing the total period of observation into fixed intervals?
The Life Table method
In most cancer applications, the most important variable by which survival results should be subdivided is the ______
Stage of disease
A survival estimate based on all deaths, regardless of cause is called ______
Observed survival
A net survival measure representing cancer survival in the absence of other causes of death.
Relative survival
The purpose of a cancer registry report is to provide data for
_____ and ______
Education and research
What is one of the primary ways hospital and central cancer registries become known in their communities?
Dissemination of cancer data
The reputation and usefulness of a cancer registry is often judged by the accuracy, timeliness, and clarity of its reports.
True or False?
True
Registries are not allowed to obtain copies from other registries to use as models for their own publications.
True or False?
False.
The CoC requires an annual report of a cancer program’s activities.
True or False?
False
Distributing an annual report of the cancer registry’s activities to medical and administrative staff is an excellent way to showcase the information in the registry.
True or False?
True
A log of all requests made to registry for information is called a _____
Request log
A registry should keep a file of how they’ve responded to each request for information.
True or False?
True
What is the primary purpose of a narrative or technical writing that accompanies the presentation of data?
To describe how the data were collected and analyzed
Another name for the vertical or Y axis of a graph is called the ___
Ordinate
Another name for the horizontal or X axis of a graph is called the ___
Abscissa
Categories on a graph must be mutually exclusive.
True or False?
True
Data that only fits into one group is called ____
Mutually exclusive
What are the two types of qualitative data?
Nominal and ordinal
What are the two types of quantitative data?
Interval and ratio
Data that is unordered and discontinuous is____
Nominal data
Data that has some continuity or is ranked in some type of order is called ____
Ordinal data
Stage of disease (I, II, III, IV) is what kind of data?
Ordinal
What kind of data includes numbers that begin from an arbitrary starting point, such as body temperature?
Interval data
What kind of data is based on units of measure and has a well-defined absolute 0 (where 0 means there is none, ex. weight or tumor size)?
Ratio data
What type of graph is a continuous bar graph (the bars are touching) in which the height of each bar is proportional to the number of observations?
Histogram
What type of graph uses separate, non-touching bars to depict nominal data with no presumed order?
Bar graph
What kind of graph represents a percentage of a total?
Pie chart
Three measures of central tendency are the
Mean, Mode, and median
Three measures of variability (spread/dispersion) are
Range, variance, standard deviation
The difference between the highest and lowest number in a set of numbers is called the ____
Range
What is the square root of the variance called?
Standard deviation
A count of the number of times a variable occurs, (ex. Patients with pancreatic cancer shows 14 males, 11 females).
Frequency distribution.
In what kind of frequency distribution does the distribution equal the total number of cases? (Ex. All 25 patients in a study have the same outcome).
Absolute frequency
The ____ is obtained by dividing one frequency by another.
Ratio
If your data might be skewed because of some extreme values, what is the best measure to express your data?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
C. Median
An essential item of statistical data whose value can change
Variable
The average square of the distance of observations from the mean in a distribution is called the _____
Variance
What are the three shapes of dispersion curves?
- Bell.
- Skewed.
- Bimodal.
Which dispersion curve shape is considered normal?
Bell curve
A negatively skewed distribution curve has the tail (longer,flatter part of the curve) on the ____ side.
Left side.
What kind of dispersion curve has a symmetric distribution around the mean?
A bell curve.
Which kind of dispersion curve has more observations on one side than the other?
A skewed curve
What kind of dispersion curve has two separate peaks?
Bimodal
A measure of whether a dispersion curve is heavy-tailed or light-tailed compared to a normal distribution curve.
Kurtosis
The expected frequency with which an event will occur is called ______
Probability
The probability that something would occur by chance alone is called the ____ value
P-value
A type of risk that’s synonymous with incidence and refers to one’s possibility of developing a particular disease over a period of time?
A. Absolute risk
B. Attributable risk
C. Relative risk
D. None of the above
A. Absolute risk
Represents the number of new cases in a population over a period of time.
Incidence
The number of deaths in a population over a period of time is the _____ rate.
Mortality rate
The total number of existing cases in a given population at a specific time.
Prevalence
The proportion of a specific population affected over a period of time is the ______ incidence.
Cumulative incidence
The cumulative proportion of patients alive over time is called _____
Survival
What are the five measures of disease frequency?
- Incidence.
- Prevalence.
- Survival.
- Mortality rate.
- Cumulative incidence.
The Life Table method of calculating survival is also called the _____ method.
Actuarial.
This method calculates the percentage of patients alive at the end of a specified interval, and only uses patients actually at risk of dying in that interval (ex. 5-year survival rate).
Direct method.
This method uses all individuals in the study group regardless of their length of follow up (alive, dead, lost) to determine survival rate.
Actuarial (or Life Table) method.
Three types of survival data include:
- Observed survival.
- Adjusted survival.
- Relative survival.
Survival data that uses all deaths regardless of cause.
Observed survival.
Survival data that considers only deaths from cancer
Adjusted survival or cause-specific survival.
The ratio of the observed survival rate to the expected rate for a demographically similar group in the general population.
Relative survival.
What are the three types of bias?
- Selection bias.
- Measurement bias.
- Confounding bias.
What are four controls to prevent bias in a study?
- Matching.
- Randomization.
- Stratification.
- Blinding.
A systematic error resulting in over or underestimation of the strength of association.
Bias
A study in which neither the subject nor the investigator know which group the subject is in.
A double-blind study.
The study of the distribution of a disease in the population and the factors that influence this distribution.
Epidemiology
The crude death rate is based on what portion of a population?
The total population
What death rate is based on variable s such as age, sex, cause, etc.?
Specific death rate
What type of risk measures the incidence associated with a specific factor and is calculated by taking the difference between the rate of a condition in an exposed population and an unexposed population?
A. Absolute risk
B. Attributable risk
C. Relative risk
D. None of the above
B. Attributable risk
A type of risk based on the ratio of incidence in a group with a specific factor compared to a group without that factor.
Relative risk
