Statistics ch1-ch5

Question 1

population

Answer 1

the larger group from which the sample was chosen from.

Question 2

seven critical components

Answer 2

1.source
2.researchers
3.indivduals or objects studied
4. measurements
5.setting
6. extraneous differences
7. magnitude

Question 3

categorical variable

Answer 3

those that divide subjects into groups, but do not allow any sort of mathematical operations to be performed on the data.

Question 4

measurement variables

Answer 4

those for which the responses are meaningful numeric values.

Question 5

nominal variables

Answer 5

categorical variables for which the categories do not have a natural ordering

Question 6

ordinal variables

Answer 6

categorical variables for which the categories have a natural ordering.

Question 7

interval variables

Answer 7

measurement variables for which differences are consistent, but ratios are not.

Question 8

ratio variables

Answer 8

measurement variables for which ratios are consistent.

Question 9

Discrete measurement variables

Answer 9

those with a countable number of possible responses.

Question 10

continuous measurement variables

Answer 10

those that may assume any number in some interval. Every fraction is a possible value.

Question 11

Bias

Answer 11

a systematic prejudice in one direction

Question 12

anchoring

Answer 12

information provided in one question may suggest a response to a later question.

Question 13

variability

Answer 13

discrepancies between repeated measurements.

Question 14

natural variability

Answer 14

variability that cannot be explained or predicted.

Question 15

valid measurement

Answer 15

measures what it claims to measure

Question 16

reliable measurement

Answer 16

gives approximately the same result when repeated on the same subject.

Question 17

confidential

Answer 17

respondents identities are known but protected.

Question 18

anonymous

Answer 18

respondents’ identities are unknown.

Question 19

open questions

Answer 19

essay, short answer

Question 20

closed question

Answer 20

multiple choice

Question 21

unit

Answer 21

single individual or object

Question 22

population

Answer 22

collection of all units of potential interest.

Question 23

sample

Answer 23

collection of units upon which we actually take measurements

Question 24

frame

Answer 24

a list of units from which the sample is chosen

Question 25

census

Answer 25

a survey in which the entire population is measured.

Question 26

simple random sample

Answer 26

a sample collected in such a way that every conceivable group of units of the correct size has an equal chance of being the one selected.

Question 27

margin of error

Answer 27

a measure of sampling error

Question 28

Stratified random sample

Answer 28

Divide the population into groups and then collect a simple random sample form each group.

Question 29

Cluster sample

Answer 29

Divide the population into groups. Take a simple random sample of clusters and measure all units within the selected clusters.

Question 30

Systematic sampling

Answer 30

Select units from the frame according to some pattern.

Question 31

Multi-stage sampling

Answer 31

A sampling plan that combines two or more sampling procedures.

Question 32

Response variable RESP

Answer 32

The primary measurements of interest. Usually a study considers only one RESP.

Question 33

Explanatory variables

Answer 33

Information about each subject that may explain why the subjects differ with respect to the RESP. studies often consider several EXPL.

Question 34

Experimental study

Answer 34

A study in which EXPL is controlled by the research. An EXPL whose value is determined by the research is called a treatment.

Question 35

Observational study

Answer 35

A study in which the value of the EXPL is determined by nature. The EXPL in an observational study is not controlled or manipulated by research.

Question 36

Confounding variable

Answer 36

Is a variable that is related to both the EXPL and the RESP. A confounding variable is an extraneous difference in the group.

Question 37

Interacting variable

Answer 37

A variable that interacts with the EXPL is a variable that changes the way the groups compare with respect to the RESP. Two variable are said to interact if the effect one variable has on the RESP depends on the value of the other variable.

Question 38

Control group

Answer 38

A treatment group that receives essentially no treatment

Question 39

Placebo

Answer 39

A fake drug that looks like a real drug but has no active ingredients

Question 40

Placebo effect

Answer 40

The tendency of subjects to respond to any treatment even a fake one

Question 41

Hawthorn effect

Answer 41

The tendency of subjects to react differently than they normally would because they are being observed.

Question 42

Experimenter effects

Answer 42

The tendency of researchers to see what they want or expect to see.