Psych ch4 Flashcards
developmental psychology
the scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception through infancy childhood adolescence and adulthood.
physical
growth of the body and changes in the brain, sensory and motor skills, and levels of hormones
cognitive
how our mental processes and abilities to think and communicate change over time.
socio-emotional
changes in how we understand ourselves, interact with other and experience and regulate emotions.
Human prenatal growth 3 major periods
germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
germinal period
the period in prenatal development from conception to two weeks after conception when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.
embryonic period
the period in prenatal development from 3 to 8 weeks after conception when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structure begin to form in the embryo.
fetal period
the period in prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing bodily structures are refined and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.
teratogens
environmental substances that can harm prenatal development.
Maturation
Physical development of the brain and body that produces growth and enables physical and psychological functioning
Neural pruning
Connections not used in the neural systems will decay and disappear
Rooting reflex
Baby turns and opens the mouth for food.
Sucking reflex
Closing mouth on nipple and being to suck to eat.
Grading reflex
Infants finger automatically curl around a finger if it’s placed in their palm.
Attachment
An enduring emotional connection that can motivate care protection and social support
Secure attachment
The attachment style for infants who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and who are readily comfortable by the return of caregiver.
Avoidant attachment
The attachment style for infants who do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns and who play happily with the stranger in the caregiver absence.
Ambivalent attachment
The attachment style for infants who seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver they cry when the caregiver leaves the room but they both seek out and reject the caregiver upon the caregiver’s return.
Assimilation
The process we use to incorporate new information into existing schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works)
Accommodation
The process we use create new schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works) or drastically alter existing schemas to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.
Sensorimotor stage
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills.
Pre operational stage
The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.
Concrete operational stage
The third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.
Formal operational stage
The fourth and final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.
Theory of mind
The ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their behavior.
Babbling
Intentional vocalization often by an infant that does not have a specific meaning.
Telegraphic speech
Speech in which toddlers combine basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence that conveys a wealth of meaning
Overregularization
The tendency for young children to incorrect use a regular grammar rule when they should use an exception to the rule.
puberty
the period during adolescence in which sexual maturation leads to the ability to reproduce.
secondary sex characteristics
physical features that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the differences between the sexes.
primary sex characteristics
physical features directly related to reproduction such as reproductive organs and genitals.
identity versus role confusion
the 5th stage of Erikson’s theory pf psychological development, in which adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are.
parenting styles
methods of parenting based on levels of how demanding and responsive a parent is.
neglectful
inattentive and uninvolved without clear rules and limits. indifferent to child’s needs.
authoritarian
strong expectations for children to obey strict rules with limited emotional or psychological support. Punishment for not following rules.
permissive
very involved but do not set clear rules and limits. Little use of punishment. indulgent of child’s desires.
authoritative
clear expectations for children to follow rules with emotional and psychological support so child understand the need for rules.
bullying
a behavior in which a person repeatedly acts aggressively in an unwanted way.
physical bullying
physical contact that hurts a person or physical imitation.
verbal bullying
name calling, making offensive remarks
social bullying
spreading rumors or stories about someone, excluded someone, or making fun of someone by pointing out their differences.
cyberbullying
sending aggressive, threatening and or intimidating messages or pictures.
three steps to take when someone is being bullied
- stop the bullying on the spot
- find out what happened
- support the kids involved.
moral emotions
linked to societal interest and motivate people to do good things and avoid doing bad things.
pre conventional level
lowest level of moral reasoning at this level self interest and even outcomes determine what is moral.
conventional level
middle level of moral reasoning at this level strict adherence to societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral.
postconventional level
highest level of moral reasoning at this level decisions about morality depend on complex reasoning abstract principles the value of all life and the greater good for all people.
emerging adulthood
18-25 years old. during emerging adulthood young people further develop their sense of identity as they postpone traditional adult roles.
dementia
severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality often due to Alzheimer’s disease and strokes.
intimacy versus isolation
sixth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development, in which young adults face the challenge of forming committed long term friendships and romances.
generatively versus stagnation
seventh stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in which middle aged adults face the challenge of leaving behind a positive legacy and caring for future generations.
integrity versus despair
eight stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in which older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.
