Psych ch4

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception through infancy childhood adolescence and adulthood.

Question 2

physical

Answer 2

growth of the body and changes in the brain, sensory and motor skills, and levels of hormones

Question 3

cognitive

Answer 3

how our mental processes and abilities to think and communicate change over time.

Question 4

socio-emotional

Answer 4

changes in how we understand ourselves, interact with other and experience and regulate emotions.

Question 5

Human prenatal growth 3 major periods

Answer 5

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

Question 6

germinal period

Answer 6

the period in prenatal development from conception to two weeks after conception when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.

Question 7

embryonic period

Answer 7

the period in prenatal development from 3 to 8 weeks after conception when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structure begin to form in the embryo.

Question 8

fetal period

Answer 8

the period in prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing bodily structures are refined and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

Question 9

teratogens

Answer 9

environmental substances that can harm prenatal development.

Question 10

Maturation

Answer 10

Physical development of the brain and body that produces growth and enables physical and psychological functioning

Question 11

Neural pruning

Answer 11

Connections not used in the neural systems will decay and disappear

Question 12

Rooting reflex

Answer 12

Baby turns and opens the mouth for food.

Question 13

Sucking reflex

Answer 13

Closing mouth on nipple and being to suck to eat.

Question 14

Grading reflex

Answer 14

Infants finger automatically curl around a finger if it’s placed in their palm.

Question 15

Attachment

Answer 15

An enduring emotional connection that can motivate care protection and social support

Question 16

Secure attachment

Answer 16

The attachment style for infants who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and who are readily comfortable by the return of caregiver.

Question 17

Avoidant attachment

Answer 17

The attachment style for infants who do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns and who play happily with the stranger in the caregiver absence.

Question 18

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 18

The attachment style for infants who seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver they cry when the caregiver leaves the room but they both seek out and reject the caregiver upon the caregiver’s return.

Question 19

Assimilation

Answer 19

The process we use to incorporate new information into existing schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works)

Question 20

Accommodation

Answer 20

The process we use create new schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works) or drastically alter existing schemas to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

Question 21

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 21

The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills.

Question 22

Pre operational stage

Answer 22

The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.

Question 23

Concrete operational stage

Answer 23

The third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.

Question 24

Formal operational stage

Answer 24

The fourth and final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.

Question 25

Theory of mind

Answer 25

The ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their behavior.

Question 26

Babbling

Answer 26

Intentional vocalization often by an infant that does not have a specific meaning.

Question 27

Telegraphic speech

Answer 27

Speech in which toddlers combine basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence that conveys a wealth of meaning

Question 28

Overregularization

Answer 28

The tendency for young children to incorrect use a regular grammar rule when they should use an exception to the rule.

Question 29

puberty

Answer 29

the period during adolescence in which sexual maturation leads to the ability to reproduce.

Question 30

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 30

physical features that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the differences between the sexes.

Question 31

primary sex characteristics

Answer 31

physical features directly related to reproduction such as reproductive organs and genitals.

Question 32

identity versus role confusion

Answer 32

the 5th stage of Erikson’s theory pf psychological development, in which adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are.

Question 33

parenting styles

Answer 33

methods of parenting based on levels of how demanding and responsive a parent is.

Question 34

neglectful

Answer 34

inattentive and uninvolved without clear rules and limits. indifferent to child’s needs.

Question 35

authoritarian

Answer 35

strong expectations for children to obey strict rules with limited emotional or psychological support. Punishment for not following rules.

Question 36

permissive

Answer 36

very involved but do not set clear rules and limits. Little use of punishment. indulgent of child’s desires.

Question 37

authoritative

Answer 37

clear expectations for children to follow rules with emotional and psychological support so child understand the need for rules.

Question 38

bullying

Answer 38

a behavior in which a person repeatedly acts aggressively in an unwanted way.

Question 39

physical bullying

Answer 39

physical contact that hurts a person or physical imitation.

Question 40

verbal bullying

Answer 40

name calling, making offensive remarks

Question 41

social bullying

Answer 41

spreading rumors or stories about someone, excluded someone, or making fun of someone by pointing out their differences.

Question 42

cyberbullying

Answer 42

sending aggressive, threatening and or intimidating messages or pictures.

Question 43

three steps to take when someone is being bullied

Answer 43

1. stop the bullying on the spot
2. find out what happened
3. support the kids involved.

Question 44

moral emotions

Answer 44

linked to societal interest and motivate people to do good things and avoid doing bad things.

Question 45

pre conventional level

Answer 45

lowest level of moral reasoning at this level self interest and even outcomes determine what is moral.

Question 46

conventional level

Answer 46

middle level of moral reasoning at this level strict adherence to societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral.

Question 47

postconventional level

Answer 47

highest level of moral reasoning at this level decisions about morality depend on complex reasoning abstract principles the value of all life and the greater good for all people.

Question 48

emerging adulthood

Answer 48

18-25 years old. during emerging adulthood young people further develop their sense of identity as they postpone traditional adult roles.

Question 49

dementia

Answer 49

severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality often due to Alzheimer’s disease and strokes.

Question 50

intimacy versus isolation

Answer 50

sixth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychological development, in which young adults face the challenge of forming committed long term friendships and romances.

Question 51

generatively versus stagnation

Answer 51

seventh stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in which middle aged adults face the challenge of leaving behind a positive legacy and caring for future generations.

Question 52

integrity versus despair

Answer 52

eight stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in which older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.