psych ch 6 Flashcards
learning
is a change in behavior resulting from experience
behaviorism
A school of thought that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior.
three main type so learning
non-associative, associative, watching others
Non-associative
learning about a stimulus such as a sight or a sound in the external world
non-associative habituation
when our behavior response to a stimulus decreases.
non-associative sensitization
when our behavioral response to stimulus increases
associative
learning the relationship between two places of information
associative classical conditioning
when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus.
watching others
learning by watching how others behave
watching other observational learning
when we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior.
watching others modeling
displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior
watching others vicarious conditioning
learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action.
unconditional stimulus
elicits an innate response and does not require any prior learning.
unconditional response
a response that does not have to learned, like a reflex.
conditioned stimulus
something that prompts a reaction only after learning has occured
condition response
reaction that is elicited only after learning has occurred.
Acquisition
The gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
extinction
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.
spontaneous recovery
a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again
stimulus generalization
Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
stimulus generalization
Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
stimulus discrimination
Learning that differentiates between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
phobia
an acquired fear that is exaggerated in comparison to the real threat.
operant conditioning
a learning process in which an action’s consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future.
operant
an action that is performed on an environment and has consequences.
reinforcer
a consequence of an action that affects the likelihood of the action being repeated in the future.
positive reinforcement
stimulus is added
negative reinforcement
stimulus is removed
positive punishment
occurs when the addition of stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior repeating
negative punishment
removing a stimulus decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
partial reinforcement
occasional reinforcement of behavior
fixed interval schedule
reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since the last reinforcement
variable interval schedule
reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reinforcement.
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred for a predetermined number of times.
variable ratio schedule
reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred for an unpredictable and varying number of times.
partial-reinforcement extinction effect
the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement
behavior modification
using operant conditioning to solve specific behavior problems by reinforcing desirable behaviors and or punishing undesirable behaviors.
cognitive map
a visual-spatial mental representation of an environment
latent learning
learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement
Observational learning
The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior
Modeling
Demonstrating a behavior to imitate a behavior that was previously observed
Pro social
Acting in ways that tend to benefits others
Vicarious conditioning
Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being reinforced or punished for performing the action
