psych ch 6

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

is a change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 2

behaviorism

Answer 2

A school of thought that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior.

Question 3

three main type so learning

Answer 3

non-associative, associative, watching others

Question 4

Non-associative

Answer 4

learning about a stimulus such as a sight or a sound in the external world

Question 5

non-associative habituation

Answer 5

when our behavior response to a stimulus decreases.

Question 6

non-associative sensitization

Answer 6

when our behavioral response to stimulus increases

Question 7

associative

Answer 7

learning the relationship between two places of information

Question 8

associative classical conditioning

Answer 8

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus.

Question 9

watching others

Answer 9

learning by watching how others behave

Question 10

watching other observational learning

Answer 10

when we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior.

Question 11

watching others modeling

Answer 11

displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior

Question 12

watching others vicarious conditioning

Answer 12

learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action.

Question 13

unconditional stimulus

Answer 13

elicits an innate response and does not require any prior learning.

Question 14

unconditional response

Answer 14

a response that does not have to learned, like a reflex.

Question 15

conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

something that prompts a reaction only after learning has occured

Question 16

condition response

Answer 16

reaction that is elicited only after learning has occurred.

Question 17

Acquisition

Answer 17

The gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again

Question 20

stimulus generalization

Answer 20

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.

Question 20

stimulus generalization

Answer 20

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.

Question 21

stimulus discrimination

Answer 21

Learning that differentiates between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 22

phobia

Answer 22

an acquired fear that is exaggerated in comparison to the real threat.

Question 23

operant conditioning

Answer 23

a learning process in which an action’s consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future.

Question 24

operant

Answer 24

an action that is performed on an environment and has consequences.

Question 25

reinforcer

Answer 25

a consequence of an action that affects the likelihood of the action being repeated in the future.

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

stimulus is added

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

stimulus is removed

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

occurs when the addition of stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior repeating

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

removing a stimulus decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Question 30

partial reinforcement

Answer 30

occasional reinforcement of behavior

Question 31

fixed interval schedule

Answer 31

reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since the last reinforcement

Question 32

variable interval schedule

Answer 32

reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reinforcement.

Question 33

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 33

reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred for a predetermined number of times.

Question 34

variable ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred for an unpredictable and varying number of times.

Question 35

partial-reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 35

the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

Question 36

behavior modification

Answer 36

using operant conditioning to solve specific behavior problems by reinforcing desirable behaviors and or punishing undesirable behaviors.

Question 37

cognitive map

Answer 37

a visual-spatial mental representation of an environment

Question 38

latent learning

Answer 38

learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement

Question 39

Observational learning

Answer 39

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior

Question 40

Modeling

Answer 40

Demonstrating a behavior to imitate a behavior that was previously observed

Question 41

Pro social

Answer 41

Acting in ways that tend to benefits others

Question 42

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 42

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being reinforced or punished for performing the action