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Epidemiology > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are stochastic effects in epidemics?

A

Where each event occurs by chance independent of one another

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2
Q

Why did H1N1 levels decrease in 2009/10?

A

Availability of NPFS in this time period

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3
Q

Which age groups is influenza A most common in?

A

(from highest) 6-15, 16-30, 31-50, under 5 and over 50

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4
Q

What is the incubation period for ebola?

A

2-21 days

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5
Q

What is the generation time for ebola?

A

10-12 days

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6
Q

What is the doubling time for ebola?

A

4-5 days

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7
Q

What is R0 for ebola?

A

2-3.5

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8
Q

What is the survival rate for ebola?

A

47-50%

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9
Q

At what age is the mean intensity and prevalence highest for ascariasis?

A

5-9, highest worm burden in children

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10
Q

At what age is the mean intensity and prevalence highest for hookworm?

A

82.4

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11
Q

At what age is the mean intensity and prevalence highest for trichuriasis?

A

5-10 for mean intensity and 20-30 for prevalence

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12
Q

What percentage of HIV cases are found in SS Africa?

A

67% and 91% of new infections are children in SSA

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13
Q

How many people were living with HIV in 2014?

A

36.9 million total

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14
Q

How many people were newly infected with HIV in 2014 and 2007?

A

2 million and 2.7 million

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15
Q

How many people died of AIDS related diseases 2005 and 2014?

A

2.8 million and 1.2 million

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16
Q

What is the global prevalence, incidence and deaths of HIV?

A

36.7 million, 1.8 million and 1 million deaths

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17
Q

Since the beginning of the epidemic how many people have been infected with HIV?

A

60 million and 25 million deaths, 2.7 million new infections/ year and 2 million deaths/ year

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18
Q

How many deaths have been averted due to ART?

A

9 million since 2000

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19
Q

What is the percent reduction in risk of transmission to sexual partners due to HIV suppression?

A

96%

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20
Q

By 2020 what will happen in terms of HIV?

A

90% of all people with HIV will know their status, 90% of those diagnosed will get sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of these people will have durable suppression. 73% of all people living with HIV will be virally suppressed.

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21
Q

What are the common causes of death in high-income countries?

A

CVD, COPD, cancer, diabetes or dementia

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22
Q

What are causes of death in low income countries 2011?

A

Lower resp tract infections, diarrhoea, HIV/AIDS, ischaemic heart disease, malaria, stroke CVD and TB

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23
Q

What are the most commonly diagnosed cancers?

A

Lung, breast and colorectal

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24
Q

What are the most common causes of cancer death?

A

Lung, liver and stomach

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25
Q

Which cancer has the highest incidence and mortality in low income countries?

A

Cervical > breast > lung (mortality only)

26
Q

Which cancer has the highest incidence and mortality in middle income countries?

A

Incidence: breast > colorectal
mortality: lung> breast > colorectal

27
Q

Which cancer has the highest incidence and mortality in high income countries?

A

Incidence: breast> colorectal
Mortality: lung> colorectal> breast

28
Q

What is the most frequent cause of premature cancer death in men and women?

A

Men- lung and women- breast (richer areas it is lung and poorer areas it is cervical)

29
Q

What were the main causes of death before epic transition (infectious)

A

malaria, tb and small pox. This changed to cancer, heart disease and stroke

30
Q

What were the main causes of death before epic transition (cancer)

A

stomach, cervix and liver. This changed to lung, pancreas, colorectal and breast

31
Q

What are the 9 major behavioural and environmental risk for cancer death ?(2001)

A

smoking, low fruit veg intake, alcohol use, unsafe sex, overweight, physical inactivity, contaminated injections in healthcare, urban air pollution, indoor smoke

32
Q

What are the most common cancer death due to infections (2002)?

A 
starting with most common:
Hep B/C - Liver
Hy pylori- stomach, lymphoma
HPV- cervical
EBV- NPC, Hodgkin and BL
HIV and HHV- KR, NHL
Schistosomes- bladder
HTLV I- ATLL
Liver flukes- Liver
33
Q

How many cancer death were attributable to infection (2002)?

A

8.1% in developed countries of all cancer deaths and 26.9% of all cancer deaths

34
Q

Describe the difference in levels of CVD for men and women

A

Always lower in women but get closer after menopause

35
Q

Describe the difference in levels of CVD for different ethnicities

A

In terms of ethnicity (Caucasians vs afro-Caribbean), the rates were nearly the same (in 1980), but over time there was a difference in heart disease mortality. The figures were much higher for afro-Caribbean’s by 2000. The levels of white males being very close to the rate of mortality in black females

36
Q

How much has obesity increased in America?

A

Rated have increased from 10% to over 30% in nearly all states in America

37
Q

What are the major risks to health?

A

diet high in processed meat, high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose and drug use

38
Q

What is the most common cause of death in UK (2015)?

A

Dementia and Alzheimers

39
Q

What illness has been on rise since 1990?

A

Mental illness

40
Q

How many people in Africa are infected with 1 or more parasitic infections?

A

500 million

41
Q

How many DALYs are lost from NTDs?

A

56.6

42
Q

List the 9 NTDs from most to lease prevalent in SSA?

A

Hookworm, ascariasis, schistosomiasis, trichuriasis, trachoma, LF, oncho, trypanosomiasis, dracunculiasis

43
Q

How many species of schistose are there?

A

5 species which are endemic in 70 tropical and sub trop countries

44
Q

Which country is most at need of schist treatment?

A

Nigeria > Ethiopia> DRC > Mozambique

45
Q

Which company is donating 200 million tablets of mebendazole per year?

A

Johnson and Johnson

46
Q

How many people are infected with oncho and what percentage live in Africa?

A

37 million and over 99%

47
Q

How many are at risk of LF, how many infected and how many suffering symptoms?

A

1.4 billion at risk, 120 million infected and 40 million suffering from symptoms

48
Q

How many are infected by oncho and how many have visual impairment?

A

84 million infected and 8 million have visual impairment

49
Q

Which company committed to providing 2 billion tablets of DEC for LF?

A

EISAI

50
Q

Which company is donating praziquantel?

A

MERCK

51
Q

Which 2 organisations are aimed at treating NTDs?

A

USAID NTD- 450 million dollars and british gov- DFID- 200 million pounds over 5 years. Other donors are the world bank, Children’s investment fund foundation, bill and melinda gates foundation and END FUND

52
Q

Name some success stories in control of NTDs

A

LF in zanzibar, trachoma in morocco, guinea worm globally and schistosomiasis in Egypt

53
Q

What is the annual incidence and mortality of HIV?

A

2.7 million and 2.8 million

54
Q

How often is cervical cancer screening done?

A

every 3 years then every 5 years from 50 onwards (35-64)

55
Q

How many lives per year does cervical cancer screening save?

A

4500

56
Q

How many HIV infections have been prevented by antenatal screening and treatment (2010-2015)?

A

1.3 million

57
Q

How many breast cancers have been detected through screening?

A

15 000, 1.9m screened each year

58
Q

What percentage of female cancer patients are over-diagnosed in breast cancer screening?

A

11%

59
Q

How many women enter the breast cancer screening programme every year (50-52)?

A

307 000

60
Q

What are the 2 types of colorectal cancer screening?

A

Faecal occult blood screening and flexible sigmoidoscopy

61
Q

What is the most expensive screening programme?

A

Bowel cancer, then breast, cervical and infections in pregnancy

Epidemiology (19 decks)

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