Global Health: Non-infectious disease (CVD) Flashcards
What three factors make up epidemiological transition?
Time, person and place
Why is cardiovascular disease prevalence increasing?
Smoking and diet
Why might their be reduced infectious disease prevalence?
Better hygiene
What is one characteristic that can influence CHD?
Age, sex (lower in women), ethnicity (higher in afro-caribbean by 2000)
How is CVD distributed globally?
In America 1/3 of deaths due to CVD, in Africa it was 10% and Europe it was 60% (2010)
How can we determine whether CVD is due to genetics or environmental influence?
A suitable trial for this would to be to study migrants with the same ancestry/ethnic background
What are the established risk factors for CHD?
blood cholesterol, high BP, smoking, body weight and reduced physical activity
Why does blood pressure increase risk in ‘gradiential way’?
For every unit increase in blood pressure/ cholesterol level, the level of CHD increases
Describe the global trend in CVD
Deaths from CVD are predicted to be relatively stable in high income countries from 2004-2030, but these rates are predicted to increase for middle and low-income countries (the same trend follows cancer)
After what age does the number of deaths from CVD usually decrease and why
80 because most people die after this age
Which ethnicity has higher CVD rates?
Afro-caribbeans
How common is river blindness?
Not very common, going towards elimination (?)
Which 2 drugs are used to treat helminth infections?
Albendazole and Mebendazole
What drug is used to treat onto and LF?
Mectizan
Roughly how many deaths caused by schistosomiasis in Africa and how many infected individuals?
250 000 deaths and 250 million infected (?)
What is the vector of onchocerciasis?
Blackfly
What is the vector of LF?
Mosquitoes
Which countries has increasing rates of CHD deaths?
East Europe
Why is serum cholesterol not a good indicator for CVD?
poor ability to discriminate between cases and non-cases of heart disease (this is because not only Cholesterol levels cause CHD as this is a multifactorial disease)
What can cross sectional studies not do?
Find association between putative risk and outcome
Does QOF use patient feedback on social media?
No
Why is cervical cancer screening carries out in women aged 25 and above?
Cervical abnormalities in younger women do no always progress to cancer
Why do children need to be dewormed?
Worms cause malnutrition and can cause stunted growth
What is PICO?
The PICO process is a technique used in evidence based practice to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question.The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies. The PICO acronym stands for population/ patients, intervention, control and outcome.
