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Epidemiology > Past Qs > Flashcards

Past Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in sub-saharan Africa?

A

Infectious diseases

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2
Q

True or false:

The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there is a systematic difference between the observed association and disease and the true association

A

True

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3
Q

True or false:

The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there are missing values in the response (disease outcome) measurements

A

True

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4
Q

Can prospective cohort studies measure incidence?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What does it mean when confidence intervals do not include 1?

A

Chance can be excluded as a likely explanation of findings

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6
Q

What is at the top of the evidence hierarchy?

A

Systematic reviews and meta analysis

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7
Q

True or false:

The random effects model should be used when it is reasonable to assume that the underlying treatment effect is the same in all studies that are part of the meta-analysis

A

False

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8
Q

What risk factor had the highest number of attributable deaths in 2001?

A

Smoking

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9
Q

What is the measure of disease occurrence which can be obtained from cross-sectional studies?

A

Prevalence

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10
Q

What are 4 advantages of cohort studies?

A

can look at multiple outcomes, follow the natural course of the disease, calculate incidence, it is good for looking at rare exposures

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11
Q

What is an advantage of a case-control study?

A

You can examine the effect of multiple exposures

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12
Q

What is used to describe factors associated with exposure of interest and outcome of interest but NOT the causal pathway?

A

Confounders

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13
Q

What is the excess fraction?

A

Indicates what proportion of the risk in a person exposed to a risk factor is attributable to that factor

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14
Q

What is the standard mortality ratio?

A

Rate ratio adjusted for age

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15
Q

What score is used to evaluate the quality of clinical trials?

A

Jadad- looks at randomisation, blinding and withdrawals

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16
Q

What does a symmetrical funnel plot suggest?

A

that there is no publication bias

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17
Q

What is the size of each box in a forest plot proportional to?

A

The weight of the study

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18
Q

What does the centre of the diamond in a forest plot indicate?

A

The pooled point estimate

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19
Q

Which type of bias does blinding reduce?

A

Measurement bias

20
Q

How often does the UK census occur?

A

Every decade

21
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the UK?

A

Large bowel cancer

22
Q

What does validity mean in terms of screening?

A

the ability to distinguish between subjects with and without a condition- depends on both specificity and sensitivity

23
Q

What is specificity?

A

• Specificity= d/ b+ d, ability to identify those without the disease

24
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

• Sensitivity= a/ a+ c, ability of a test to correctly identify diseased individuals

25
Q

What is the PPV?

A

• The PPV is the probability that a patient who tests positive actually has the disease: a/a+b

26
Q

What is the NPV?

A

• NPV patients who tests negative and doesn’t have the disease: d/ c+d

27
Q

What type of screening is screening older people for hypertension?

A

• Screening high BP in older people: It is “mass” because it applies to the whole population, and “opportunistic” because the opportunity to undergo screening occurs when the patient presents to the doctor or health care professional for another reason

28
Q

name 3 ways of controlling confounding at the analysis stage

A

• Stratification, standardisation and regression are the three ways of controlling confounding at the analysis stage.

29
Q

What is mass screening?

A

screening test involving the whole population usually define by age or gender

30
Q

What are the hosts of schistosmiasis?

A

• 2 hosts of schistosmiasis tramsitted by cerceriae are humans and snails

31
Q

What is the most prevalent neglected tropical disease in Africa?

A

Hookworm

32
Q

What is used against schistosmiasis?

A

Praziquantel

33
Q

who donated 120 million doses of azithromyosin for trachoma?

A

Pfizer

34
Q

What is the cost of a rapid impact package for neglected tropical diseases in Africa?

A

Less than 50 cent per person

35
Q

Which company made a large commitment to the MDT in eliminating leprosy?

A

Novartis

36
Q

Which company has vowed to ‘donate albendazole to WHO for every country that needs it until LF is eliminated as a public health problem’.

A

GSK

37
Q

What have epidemiological studies on CVD in the USA shown?

A

Age adjusted death rates have decreased since 1950. age adjusted death rates are the weighted average of death rates taking account of disease frequency and the age structure of the population

38
Q

What is the main way of achieving health promotion?

A

• The main way of achieving health promotion is by enabling the increase in control of the health determinants

39
Q

In what type of study is the case status known before the exposure status?

A

Case-control

40
Q

Name an incorrect reason for an increase in the crude mortality rate from intrahepatic bile duct tumours

A

The population has increased while the number of deaths remains the same

41
Q

When someone migrates do they tend to become similar to those of the country of adoption (cancer)

A

Yes

42
Q

What type of infection does rubella cause?

A

A mild self limiting infection

43
Q

With rubella, did vaccination of adolescent girls cause high levels of population immunity?

A

No

44
Q

How do you calculate the odds ratio and when is it used?

A

Odds that a case was exposed/ odds that a control was exposed. It is used with case control studies

45
Q

What medication was donated to treat onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis?

A

Mectizan

46
Q

What are the top 10 causes of mortality (2012 death rates)?

A

Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, lower resp infections, trachea/ bronchus/ lung cancers, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea diseases, diabetes mellitus, road injury, hypertensive heart disease

47
Q

How is data from hospitals recorded?

A

ICD coding, OPCS

Epidemiology (19 decks)

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