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physchology - research methods > statistics > Flashcards

statistics Flashcards

1
Q

mean weakness

A

one rogue score (large or small) can heavily influence it

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2
Q

mean strength

A

the most powerful measure of central tendency as it uses all of the data

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3
Q

mode strength

A

the best measurement if you want to know how often things occur

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4
Q

mode weakness

A

sometimes a data set does not have a common value and sometimes it has a lot

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5
Q

median strength

A

not influenced by extreme scores

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6
Q

median weakness

A

not good with using small data sets

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7
Q

standard deviation strength

A

uses very value in the Data set,
not heavily distorted by extreme values and is the most sensitive

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8
Q

standard deviation weakness

A

the most difficult of the measures of dispersion to calculate

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9
Q

range strength

A

takes all of the data into account and is simple to calculate

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10
Q

range weakness

A

if either of the 2 scores are extreme, this will be distorted. it tell us little about how spread out or clustered together the data are

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11
Q

how to work out median

A

the middle number after ordering from smallest to biggest

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12
Q

what is standard deviation

A

the spread of results around the mean (- a measure of dispersion)

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13
Q

what does it mean if the standard deviation is more than the mean

A

its more varied
inconsistent

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14
Q

what does it mean if the standard deviation is less than the mean

A

less varied
more consistent

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15
Q

bar chart

A

the height of each bar represents the frequency
suitable for non-continuous data - space between bar = lack of continuity
use with categories

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16
Q

what level of measurement is mean

A

interval
universal - equal units

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17
Q

what level of measurement is median

A

ordinal
ranked - not equal units

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18
Q

what level of measurement is mode

A

nominal
categories

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19
Q

line graph

A

continuous data on x-axis

20
Q

histogram

A

continuous data
cannot draw this type of graph if data is in categories
vertical axis = frequency - starts at 0
no gaps between bars

21
Q

scattergram

A

represents data collected from correlations (naturally occurring)
doesn’t matter what axis they go on

22
Q

negative skew

A

mean is lower than median and mode

23
Q

normal distribution

A

bell-shaped curve
mean, median and code are all in the exact mid point

24
Q

positive skew

A

mean is higher than median and mode
most of data on left ()

25
Q

co-variables

A

show a naturally occurring relationship (not manipulated)

26
Q

variable

A

manipulated

27
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the strength of the relationship
-1 = perfect
-0.5 = moderate
0 = weak
+0.5 = moderate
+1 = perfect

28
Q

negative correlation

A

one increases and the other decreases

29
Q

positive correlation

A

both increase

30
Q

hypothesis for a correlation guide

A

there will be positive/ negative relationship between …..

31
Q

correlations v experiments - manipulation

A

experiment - researcher manipulates IV and DV
correlation - cannot manipulate as the variables are naturally occurring

32
Q

correlations v experiments - EVs

A

experiment - control EVs
correlations - not controlled and so a third untestable variables may be causing the relationship between the 2 variables

33
Q

correlation strength

A

P = relatively economical
E = unlike a lab study, there is no need for a controlled environment and can use secondary data
E =so correlations are less time-consuming than experiments

34
Q

correlation weakness

A

P = no cause and effect
E = correlations are often presented as casual when they only show how 2 variables are related
E = this leads to false conclusions about causes of behaviour

35
Q

inferential statistics

A

used to determine the likelihood that an ‘observed effect’ is due to chance

36
Q

what does it mean when we refer to chance

A

has something other than the independent variable effected our results

37
Q

one tailed tests

A

One tailed hypothesis is a directional hypothesis as it predicts the direction

In a correlation - the words positive and negative indicate the hypothesis is one tailed

If the results go in the opposite direction to that predicted, the research has to be abandoned and a new hypothesis proposed

38
Q

two tailed test

A

Predict an effect but doesn’t state the direction
is employed
5% significance is employed then there is double the probability that the differences could occur by chance

39
Q

type 1 error

A

when there has been an incorrect interpretation of results

A ‘false positive’

With this type, you reject the H0 and accept the H1

40
Q

type 2 error

A

Level of significance level is too strict

‘false negative’

accept H0, reject H1

41
Q

3 steps to choose test

A
  1. hypothesis: difference or association
  2. type of experimental design:
    related - repeated measures or matched pairs
    unrelated - independent groups
  3. type of measurement used:
    nominal = categories
    ordinal = ranked
    interval = universal units
42
Q

the 3 parametric tests

A

related t test
unrelated t test
Pearsons r

43
Q

3 criteria for choosing a parametric test

A
  1. data must be interval
  2. distribution must be normal or data must be drawn from population that’s expected to show normal distribution
  3. variances should be homogenous - similar in each condition
44
Q

parametric tests - does it have normal distribution

A

do scores cluster around the mean?

calculate mean, median, mode - if similar = normal distribution

plot data on frequency distribution bar graph - does it show normal bell curve

45
Q

parametric tests - does the data have homogenous variances

A

deviation of scores is similar between conditions

related design - there should be homogeneity variance as the same people/ similar are tested

unrelated design - spread of scores may be different - if theres not homogeneity of variance then a parametric test shouldn’t be used

physchology - research methods (9 decks)

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