data and reports Flashcards

1
Q

questionnaires features

A

allows researcher to gain a large quantity of data quickly, cheaply, efficiently

starts with easy questions, saves those that may make people feel anxious or defensive til later

researcher often not present when the participant is taking part

use filler questions that are irrelevant but distract respondent from main purpose of Qs - reduce demand characteristics

should be piloted to check k clarity and appropriateness

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2
Q

open questions produce what type of data ?

A

qualitative

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3
Q

closed questions produce what types of data?

A

quantitative

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4
Q

interviews features

A

researcher verbally asking participants Qs, over the phone or face-to-face

starts with easy questions, saves those that may make people feel anxious or defensive til later

uses both open and closed Qs

interviews can be recorded by making notes or audio or video recorder

specialist training required

should be piloted to check clarity and appropriateness

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5
Q

structured interview

A

pre-determined list of questions

all participants asked in the same order

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6
Q

unstructured interview

A

new questions being developed in response to the participants answers

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7
Q

semi-structured interview

A

list of questions worked out in advance but the interviewers are also free to ask follow up questions

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8
Q

strengths of questionnaires

A

less researcher bias

external validity - bigger sample = can generalise

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9
Q

likert closed Qs

A

respondent indicates their agreement with a statement using a scale

how much do you like chocolate
1 - strongly agree
2 - agree
3 - neutral
4 - disagree
5 - strongly disagree

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10
Q

rating scaled closed Qs

A

gets respondents to identify a value that represents the strength of feeling about a particular topic

how much do you enjoy school
very enjoyable 1 2 3 4 5 not at all enjoyable

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11
Q

fixed choice closed qs

A

includes a list of possible options and respondents are required to indicate those that apply to them

what is your favourite type of film
romantic
horror
comedy
tragedy

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12
Q

errors that should be avoided when writing Qs

A

over use of jargon
emotive language
leading Qs
double-barrelled Qs
double-negatives

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13
Q

errors to avoid when writing Qs - over use of jargon

A

avoid using technical terms that are only familiar to those inn a specialist field

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14
Q

errors to avoid when writing Qs - emotive language

A

avoid using language that creates a strong emotional response in the participants that ay influence their response

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15
Q

errors to avoid when writing Qs - leading Qs

A

avoid using Qs that guide the participants to respond in a certain way

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16
Q

errors to avoid when writing Qs - double -barrelled Qs

A

avoid asking 2 Qs in one

17
Q

errors to avoid when writing Qs - double - negatives

A

avoid asking questions that contain a double negative - 2 negative elements that produce a positive

18
Q

quantitative data strength

A

P = ease to analyse
E = can draw graphs and calculate averages
E = so comparisons between groups can be made

19
Q

quantitative data weakness

A

P = narrower in meaning
E: expressed less detail than qualitative
E: lower external validity – may be less like ‘real life’

20
Q

qualitative data strength

A

P: richness of detail
E: much broader in scope than quantitative data
E: more meaningful – greater external validity

21
Q

qualitative data weakness

A

P: difficult to analyse
E: hard to identify patterns and made comparisons
E: leads to subjective interpretation and researcher bias

22
Q

primary data

A

‘first hand’ data collected for the purpose of the investigation

23
Q

secondary data

A

collected by someone other than the person conducting research

24
Q

meta-analysis

A

a type of secondary data that involved combining data from a large number of studies

25
Q

questionnaire strength - test reliability

A

P = findings can be replicated
E = this is because they use pre-determined, standardised questions
E = this increases reliability

26
Q

structure interview strength - test reliability

A

P = findings can be replicated
E = this is because they use pre-determined, standardised questions
E = this increases reliability

27
Q

unstructured weakness - test reliability

A

P = can’t test same person twice and expect the same answers
E = this is because each interview is unique to the person that day

28
Q

questionnaire strength - quick to carry out

A

P = can be distributed to lots of people
E = gather large amounts of data quickly and the researcher doesn’t need to be present
E = reduces effort involved and makes them cost effective

29
Q

structured interview strength - quick to carry out

A

E = because they are a pre-determined list of questions
E = less time consuming

30
Q

unstructured interview - weakness - quick to carry out

A

E = each participant must be interviews individually and the researcher also has to make responses to their answers
E = this is bad because there will take longer to gain large amounts of data and cost more money

31
Q

questionnaire weakness - misunderstandings can be clarified

A

E = can’t speak too the researcher as they aren’t done face-to-face as they are a set list of questions

32
Q

structured interview weakness - misunderstandings can be clarified

A

P = interviewers cannot elaborate
E = cannot deviate from the topic or explain their questions
E = this may limit richness of data collected

33
Q

unstructured interview strength - misunderstandings can be clarified

A

P = no predetermined list
E = good flexibility so points can be followed up
E = can collect unexpected information

34
Q

questionnaire weakness - can gain access to more detailed info

A

P = they collect quantitative data
E = this is because they are not face-to-face
E = standardised list of questions usually online

35
Q

structured weakness - can gain access to more detailed info

A

P = set list of questions
E = cannot elaborate
e = limits the chance of more detail

36
Q

unstructured strength - can gain access to more detailed info

A

p = they collect qualitative data
E = great flexibility, so points can be followed up
E = can gain access to more info

37
Q

questionnaire strength - internal validity is affected by extraneous variables

A

P = there’s no researcher
E = so not affected by social desirability

38
Q

structured weakness - internal validity is affected by extraneous variables

A

p = there is social desirability
e = contact between. the participant and researcher
E = opportunity for participants to change answers

39
Q

unstructured weakness - internal validity is affected by extraneous variables

A

p = interviewer bias
e = closer dialogue between participant and researcher
e = opportunity for unconscious cues