Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

confounding factors

A

交絡因子(こうらく)

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2
Q

selection (When participants or samples are not randomly selected, it can lead to a biased representation of the population being studied. This can affect the generalizability of the findings.)/confirmation ( Researchers may have preconceived notions or expectations about the outcome of a study, leading them to selectively look for or interpret data that supports their beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.)/reporting (Researchers may selectively report or emphasize certain findings while downplaying or omitting others, skewing the overall interpretation of the results.)/recall (参加者の回想や自己報告に依存する研究では、個人の記憶に不完全性やバイアスがあり、データの収集に誤りが生じる場合があります。)/sampling (When the sample used in a study is not representative of the target population, the results may not be applicable or generalizable to the larger population.)/funding (Studies funded by specific organizations or industries may be influenced by their agendas or interests, potentially leading to biased results or interpretations.)/publication (Journals may have a preference for publishing certain types of studies or outcomes, leading to an underrepresentation of other types of research.) bias

A

選択・確証・報告・想起(思い出し、リコール)・サンプリング・資金提供・出版バイアス

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3
Q

case/control

A

疾患(ケース)・対照群(コントロール)

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4
Q

external factor

A

外的因子

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5
Q

dependent/independent variable

A

従属・独立変数

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6
Q

matched pair analysis (control and comparison group )…A form of analysis where each of the subjects in a study (experimental) group is paired with each of those in a comparison (control) group on the basis of matching factor(s) (e.g. age, sex, etc.).

A

マッチドペア分析

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7
Q

descriptive analysis

A

記述的分析…大規模な生データを 集計・分析することで、過去に何が起きたのかを探り、その結果をグラフ(折れ線/円/棒グラフ)や表などに落とし込んで 可視化する分析手法です。

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8
Q

discrepancy

A

不一致

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9
Q

eligibility criteria

A

適格基準

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10
Q

reliability

A

信頼性

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11
Q

significant difference

A

有意差

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12
Q

randomized controlled trial

A

無作為(ランダム)化比較試験

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13
Q

placebo group

A

プラセボ群

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14
Q

intervention group

A

介入群

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15
Q

inequity

A

不公平

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16
Q

incidence/prevalence

A

発生率・有病率

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17
Q

environment

A

周囲・環境

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18
Q

sampling

A

標本抽出(サンプリング)

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19
Q

population (in a research context. e.g. the sampling method does not accurately reflect the general population due to sampling bias)

A

母集団。。。本来知りたいと思っている集団全体のことを「母集団」といいます。ここでは「日本に住む女性全員」が母集団です。一方、母集団の情報を推測するために選ばれた一部の集団のことを「標本」といいます。

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20
Q

superior/inferior, superiority/inferiority1

A

優れた・劣った, 優位性・劣性

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21
Q

disparity

A

格差

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22
Q

disproportionate

A

不均衡

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23
Q

burden

A

負担

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24
Q

exposure

A

暴露

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25
Q

significance

A

意義

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26
Q

tendency

A

傾向

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27
Q

threshold

A

閾値(いきち)

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28
Q

phenomenon/event

A

事象

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29
Q

standardized

A

標準化

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30
Q

administer

A

投与

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31
Q

medical instrumentation

A

医療機器

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32
Q

double blind test

A

二重盲検試験。。。臨床試験などで、試験対象の薬、食品や治療法などを、観察者(研究者や医師や試験を実施する者など)にも被験者不明にして行う試験法です。

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33
Q

subject (in research)

A

被験者

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34
Q

gold standard

A

黄金律・ゴールドスタンダード

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35
Q

disclosure of conflict of interest

A

利益相反の開示

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36
Q

registration

A

登録

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37
Q

public health

A

公衆衛生

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38
Q

low- middle- high income countries

A

低、中、高所得国

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39
Q

matter

A

事柄

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40
Q

improve

A

改善

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41
Q

indicate

A

指摘

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42
Q

persistence

A

持続性

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43
Q

prevent

A

阻止、妨げる、防止する、防ぐ

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44
Q

chemotherapy

A

化学療法, ケモセラピー

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45
Q

HER-2 mediated signalling

A

HER2 媒介シグナル伝達

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46
Q

side effects

A

副作用

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47
Q

significance

A

意義

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48
Q

discussion, consideration

A

考察

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49
Q

un/favorable

A

不利・好ましい

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50
Q

misleading

A

誤解を招く

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51
Q

systemic

A

全身性

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52
Q

tachychardia/bradycardia

A

頻脈/徐脈

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53
Q

concept

A

概念

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54
Q

comparison/collation

A

照合

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55
Q

burden

A

負担

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56
Q

Recruit

A

召集

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57
Q

duration of response

A

奏効期間 (そうこうきかん)

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58
Q

can get

A

得られる

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59
Q

sensitivity… tests ability to designate an individual with disease as positive. a highly sensitive test means that there are few false negative results and thus fewer cases of disease are missed

A

感度。。。病気の人を検出する力を示す

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60
Q

specificity…ability to designate an indiviual who does not have a disease as negative. a highly specific test means that there are few false positive results

A

特異性。。。患者が病気にかかっていない場合に検査結果が陰性になる確率

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61
Q

threshold

A

閾値(いきち)

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62
Q

normal/abnormal

A

正常・異常

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63
Q

dysfunction

A

機能不全

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64
Q

theory

A

仮説

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65
Q

opinion

A

見解

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66
Q

credibility

A

信憑性

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67
Q

emphasize

A

強調

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68
Q

external validity

A

外的妥当性と は, 当該の実験結果が他の条件下で も認められること によって, その結果を一般化で きる程度をいう。

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69
Q

replicability

A

再現性…同じ研究者あるいは研究室が同じ材料と方法を使った場合に同じ結果が観察される場合

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70
Q

aggregate, add up

A

集計

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71
Q

inequality

A

不平等

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72
Q

visualization

A

可視化

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73
Q

null/alternative hypothesis

A

帰無仮説(H0)とは,“差がない(差は0)”,“関係がない(相関が0)”などの無(=0)を意味する仮説です.・対立仮説…統計的仮説検定において、帰無仮説が棄却(dismissききゃく)されたときに採択(select)される仮説のこと。帰無仮説 に対応して と表されることが多い。

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74
Q

socioeconomic status

A

社会経済状況…個人または家族(世帯)の社会状況のことである。 教育(就学年数)、収入、職業などを組み合わせて評価する。 SESは、資源(resource)、特権(privalege)、権力(power)へのアクセスのばらつきを明らかにする。

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75
Q

endpoint/surrogate endpoint

A

エンドポイント・代替エンドポイント

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76
Q

Overall survival

A

全生存期間

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77
Q

progression free survival

A

無増悪生存期間

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78
Q

disease free survival

A

無病生存期間

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79
Q

Overall response rate/complete response/partial response

A

全奏効率・完全奏効・部分奏効

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80
Q

fase positive

A

偽陽性…感染していないのに検査が陽性になる偽りの陽性

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81
Q

Type I and type II errors

A

第一種過誤(統計的仮説検定において、帰無仮説が真であるのにもかかわらず、帰無仮説を偽として棄却してしまう誤りのこと。生産者危険とも言う。)と第二種過誤(統計的仮説検定において、帰無仮説が偽であるのにもかかわらずそれを真として棄却しない誤りのこと。消費者危険とも言う。)

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82
Q

false negative

A

偽陰性。。。感染しているのに検査が陰性にな
る偽りの陰性

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83
Q

statistical hypothesis testing

A

仮説検定

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84
Q

palliative care

A

緩和ケア

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85
Q

standard of care

A

標準治療

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86
Q

usefullness

A

有用性

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87
Q

effectiveness

A

有効性

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88
Q

efficacy

A

効力、効能、有効性

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89
Q

omit

A

省略

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90
Q

hazard ratio

A

ハザード比…イベント(死亡)の起こりやすさを試験期間全体の平均的な群間差として推定したものです。通常は分子に新治療のハザード、分母に既存治療のハザードとして相対的な効果の大きさを推算します。
ハザード比が1であれば群間で治療効果に差がないと解釈されます。新治療のほうが高い効果をもつ、すなわちイベント発生を抑える力が強い場合にはハザード比は1を下回り、逆にイベント発生を抑える力が弱い場合にはハザード比は1を上回ります。

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91
Q

ipsilateral/contralateral

A

同側・反対側

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92
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

補助療法・アジュバント療法

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93
Q

endocrine therapy

A

内分泌療法

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94
Q

recurrence

A

再発

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95
Q

harm

A

危害

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96
Q

safety

A

安全性

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97
Q

regulatory approval

A

規制当局の承認

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98
Q

relative risk

A

相対危険(relative risk, risk ratio, RR)は、危険因子に曝露した群の罹患リスク(危険)の、曝露していない群の罹患(りかん)リスクに対する比で示される(図1)。 リスク比ともいう。

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99
Q

contract a disease, suffer from

A

罹患(りかん)

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100
Q

odds ratio

A

オッズ比…ある疾患などへの罹(かか)りやすさを2つの群で比較して示す統計学的な尺度である.オッズ比が1とは,ある疾患への罹りやすさが両群で同じということであり,1より大きいとは,疾患への罹りやすさがある群でより高いことを意味する.逆に,オッズが1より小さいとは,ある群において疾患に罹りにくいことを意味する.例えば,ある多型が疾患群100名中の40名で,健常群100名中の20名で認められたとする.このオッズ比は,(40/60)/(20/80)=2.67となる.これは,ある多型において疾患群で出現するリスクが健常群に対して2.67倍高いこととなる.

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101
Q

not mutually exclusive…two instances or outcomes can occur simultaneously, and one outcome does not limit the other from being possible.

A

相互に排他的ではない

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102
Q

cases of alzheimer’s patients

A

件の症例

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103
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

腺癌

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104
Q

minimally invasive surgery

A

低侵襲手術(ていしんしゅう)

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105
Q

between group difference

A

群間差

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106
Q

Anterograde/retrograde amnesia

A

前向性健忘症・逆行性健忘症

107
Q

appropriate

A

適正

108
Q

dementia

A

認知症

109
Q

quantitative/qualitative research

A

定量的研究・定性的研究

110
Q

internal/external validity

A

内的・外的妥当性

111
Q

prognosis

A

予後診断

112
Q

exclusion/inclusion criteria

A

除外・選択基準

113
Q

informed consent

A

インフォームド・コンセント

114
Q

voluntary

A

自由意志による

115
Q

autonomy

A

自律性

116
Q

vulnerable persons/participants

A

社会的弱者

117
Q

phase 1-3 clinical trial

A

第1−3相臨床試験

118
Q

primary/secondary endpoint

A

主要・副次評価項目

119
Q

comprehensive

A

包括的

120
Q

LMIC

A

低中所得国

121
Q

confirmation

A

確認

122
Q

placebo effect

A

プラセボ効果

123
Q

dose/take

A

服用

124
Q

epidemiology

A

疫学

125
Q

Social determinants of health

A

健康の社会的決定要因

126
Q

the hair HG intercept was significantly higher for cases compared with controls.

A

症例と対照群を比較した結果、髪の毛のHG(ホメオグルコーネート)の交点は有意に高かった。

127
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

内分泌かく乱物質

128
Q

disrupt, disturb

A

かく乱

129
Q

causal relationship

A

因果関係

130
Q

environmental/genetic factors

A

環境要因・遺伝要因

131
Q

intervention

A

介入、措置、対策

132
Q

detection

A

検出

133
Q

immune system/innate immunity/acquired immunity/adaptive immunity(part of acquired immunity)/humoral immunity/cell mediated immunity

A

免疫系・自然免疫・獲得免疫・適応免疫(獲得免疫の一部)・液性免疫・細胞性免疫

134
Q

x intercept

A

x軸の交点

135
Q

node of ranvier

A

ランビエの絞輪(こうりん)

136
Q

reach, arrival

A

到達

137
Q

pregnant women

A

妊婦, 妊娠

138
Q

elective abortion

A

人工妊娠中絶

139
Q

advocate

A

提唱する

140
Q

reverse

A

逆転・逆行・反転

141
Q

three to four

A

3つないし4つ

142
Q

invasive procedure

A

侵襲的手技

143
Q

loss

A

喪失

144
Q

cause

A

病因

145
Q

pathology, disease state

A

病態

146
Q

pathology

A

病理

147
Q

pathophysiology

A

病態生理学

148
Q

mechanism of action

A

作用機序

149
Q

striated muscle

A

横紋筋

150
Q

inherit

A

受け継ぐ,継承

151
Q

over time

A

時間と共に、時間が経つにつれて

152
Q

restoration, heal

A

回復

153
Q

has potential

A

潜在的な可能性がある

154
Q

search

A

探索

155
Q

heterogeneity

A

不均一性(ヘテロジェネティ)

156
Q

encourage, prompt

A

促す

157
Q

neutralize

A

中和

158
Q

chronic/acute

A

慢性的・急性

159
Q

sequentially

A

順次

160
Q

transduction, conjugation, transformation

A

形質導入、接合伝達、形質転換

161
Q

study results

A

検討結果

162
Q

phenomenon

A

事象

163
Q

targeted therapy

A

標的治療

164
Q

rare

A

165
Q

unexpected

A

想定外

166
Q

relatives

A

親族

167
Q

susceptibility

A

影響を受けやすいこと、感染しやすいこと, 感受性

168
Q

hemostasis

A

止血

169
Q

an index/ a measure

A

指標

170
Q

Persistence

A

持続性

171
Q

male female

A

雄・雌

172
Q

complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

相補的DNA

173
Q

is occuring

A

生じている

174
Q

method

A

手法、メソッド、方法

175
Q

etiological

A

病因性…the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

176
Q

difference

A

違い、差異

177
Q

became mandatory

A

義務化

178
Q

resource allocation

A

リソース配分

179
Q

itself

A

自体

180
Q

prevalent

A

蔓延

181
Q

meta-analysis

A

メタ分析/メタアナリシス…統計的手法を用いてランダム化比較試験(RCT)など複数の原著論文のデータを定量的に結合させる総説論文のことを意味します.メタとは分析の分析という意味で,個々の原著論文の分析をまとめてさらに分析することを表します.システマティックレビューとは異なり,作成方法がエビデンスに基づいているか否かは問われませんが,結果のまとめ方に関しては定量的であることが必須となります.メタ分析の重要なポイントとして,各研究結果の均質性があげられます.結果に一貫性がなく,均質とはいえないメタ分析は要注意となります.

182
Q

percision/personalized medicine

A

プレシジョンメディシン(高精度医療)・パーソナライズドメディシン(個別化医療)

183
Q

scrutiny …critical observation or examination.

A

精査

184
Q

deposition

A

沈殿

185
Q

preferentially expressed

A

選択的に発現している

186
Q

onset

A

発症

187
Q

undermine

A

損なわれる、弱体化

188
Q

standardization

A

標準化

189
Q

limitation

A

限界(研究),弱み

190
Q

flaw

A

欠点、欠陥

191
Q

primary tumor location

A

腫瘍の原発部位

192
Q

secondary tumor

A

二次腫瘍

193
Q

forward/reverse reaction

A

正・逆反応

194
Q

to clarify

A

明確にする

195
Q

find out/understand

A

把握

196
Q

Profound, serious (effects)

A

深刻

197
Q

change, alter, modify

A

変更

198
Q

mentioned

A

記されている

199
Q

policy

A

政策

200
Q

flat, plateau

A

横ばい

201
Q

find out, figure out

A

見出す

202
Q

expose

A

暴露、さらす

203
Q

establish

A

確立

204
Q

cohort

A

集団(コホート)

205
Q

longitudinal study

A

縦断研究… 研究を時間要因によって分類したときの一つで,横断研究のように現時点での暴露の有無・程度を調べるのではなく,過去にさかのぼって,または将来にわたって,ある特定の対象に対して暴露の有無などを調査し,ある程度の期間を経たデータをとる研究です. 

206
Q

retrospective/prospective cohort study

A

後向きコホート研究/前向き。。。医学におけるコホート研究では,ある危険因子にさらされた者が将来的にどのような病態になるのかを追跡調査する.

207
Q

overcome

A

克服

208
Q

cross sectional study

A

横断研究

209
Q

absence or presence

A

有無(うむ)

210
Q

progess

A

進歩、発達、発展、前進、進行、経過

211
Q

conventional therapy

A

従来の治療

212
Q

prolong

A

延長する

213
Q

slight, insignificant, small

A

微々たる

214
Q

for example

A

例えば

215
Q

corresp  ond

A

一致、合致

216
Q

complement

A

補う、補足する

217
Q

distinct

A

異なる

218
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

細胞傷害性T細胞、キラーT細胞

219
Q

expect

A

見込む

220
Q

—– and ——-

A

—–及び——

221
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

モノクローナル抗体

222
Q

mainly

A

主に

223
Q

proinflammatory

A

炎症誘発

224
Q

significantly

A

著しく、大幅に、はるかに

225
Q

the question arises

A

疑問がわく

226
Q

elucidation

A

解明

227
Q

definition

A

定義

228
Q

legitimacy

A

正当性

229
Q

make sure, ensure, obtain

A

確保

230
Q

genetic manipulation, engineering

A

遺伝子操作

231
Q

protein

A

蛋白質

232
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

末梢神経系

233
Q

cervical cancer

A

子宮頸がん

234
Q

risk factor

A

危険因子

235
Q

accuracy

A

正確さ、精密さ

236
Q

past/present/future

A

過去・現在・将来

237
Q

enhancement

A

増進

238
Q

serious

A

重篤

239
Q

intake

A

摂取

240
Q

neurodevelopmental disorder

A

神経発達障害

241
Q

somatic/germ cells

A

体細胞・生殖細胞

242
Q

Immune tolerance: is the prevention of an immune response against a particular antigen. For instance, the immune system is generally tolerant of self-antigens, so it does not usually attack the body’s own cells, tissues, and organs.

A

免疫寛容

243
Q

develop resistance

A

耐性を生じる

244
Q

clinical ethics

A

医療倫理

245
Q

role

A

役割

246
Q

horizontal/vertical gene transfer

A

遺伝子の水平伝播・垂直移行

247
Q

healthy (able bodied)/disabled person

A

健常者・障害者

248
Q

decrease

A

削減

249
Q

labor cost

A

人件費

250
Q

blindness

A

失明・盲目(もうもく)

251
Q

complications

A

合併症

252
Q

misdiagnosis

A

誤診

253
Q

aforementioned

A

前述

254
Q

ideal

A

理想

255
Q

morbidity and mortality

A

罹患率・死亡率

256
Q

racially diverse

A

人種的に多様化した

257
Q

validation study

A

検証試験

258
Q

implementation

A

実施

259
Q

real world

A

実社会、実世界

260
Q

public

A

一般大衆

261
Q

negligence

A

怠慢(たいまん)・過失

262
Q

form

A

形態

263
Q

intentional

A

故意

264
Q

agree

A

同意・賛成