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Pharmacodynamics > Statins and Lipid Lowering Drugs I > Flashcards

Statins and Lipid Lowering Drugs I Flashcards

1
Q

What is atheroma?

A

Build up of fatty deposits which form a plaque.

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2
Q

What are the stages of atheroma formation?

A

Endothelial Dysfunction
Inflammation
Adhesion
Thrombus Formation

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3
Q

What are the risk factors for atheroma formation?

A

Hypertension

Dyslipidemia

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4
Q

What is dyslipidemia?

A

This is when an ABNORMAL amount of lipids in the blood is present = Body can’t remove LDL from the blood.

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5
Q

What are the primary disorders of dyslipidaemia?

A

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia

Polygenic lipid disorders

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6
Q

What are the secondary disorders of dyslipidaemia?

A 
Hypothyroidism 
Type 2 diabetes 
Alcohol Abuse 
Thiazide Diuretics 
Beta Blockers
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7
Q

What type of fats are triglycerides?

A

Dietary Fats

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8
Q

What is used for screening of lipids?

A

Total cholesterol levels
LDL + HDL cholesterol
Triglycerides

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9
Q

What is the strong correlation between LDL cholesterol levels in the blood and the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

HIGHER levels of cholesterol in the blood results in being at a greater risk of suffering from coronary heart disease.

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10
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

A core FULL of fat and cholesterol alongside lipid membranes which contains proteins called APOLIPOPROTEINS.

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11
Q

What are Apolipoproteins?

A

Act like identification tags for DIFFERENT lipoproteins in the body.
Allow transport of lipoproteins.

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12
Q

Why are apolipoproteins known as ligands?

A

They bind lipids in order to form lipoproteins.

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13
Q

Where are the exogenous sources of lipids made from?

A

These arise from dietary fats.

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14
Q

Where are the endogenous sources of lipids made from?

A

These are made in the liver.

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15
Q

In what form are exogenous sources of lipids absorbed from the intestine?

A

These are absorbed from the intestine in the form of chylomicrons.

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16
Q

How are endogenous sources of lipids secreted?

A

Secreted as vLDL.

17
Q

What is the purpose of lipoprotein lipase?

A

These remove triglycerides so that it can be taken up into the tissues for storage alongside being used for energy.

18
Q

What are the 3 sources when metabolised can produce Acetyl - coA?

A

Glycogen
Triglycerides
Proteins

19
Q

What can Acetyl - coA be converted into?

A

Cholesterol.

20
Q

What percentage of the cholesterol made in the body is made by the liver?

A

50%

21
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesised?

A

Cholesterol is synthesised by the liver and the hepatic tissues.

22
Q

What is the purpose of HMG - CoA reductase?

A

This inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol.

Known as a ‘Rate Limiting Step’.

23
Q

What is the purpose of vLDL?

A

This is the MAIN transporter of fatty acids.

24
Q

Where does LDL transport cholesterol?

A

To the tissues.

25
Q

What is the purpose of HDL?

A

When the liver empties -> EXCESS cholesterol is picked up and brought back to the liver.
This removes cholesterol from tissues and bloodstream.

26
Q

What is the ligand for LDL receptors?

A

Apo - B100.

27
Q

What are high levels of App - B100 associated with?

A

High risk of cardiovascular disease.

28
Q

What is the name of the subspecies of LDL?

A

Lipoprotein A

29
Q

What causes there to be a subspecies of LDL?

A

It is a genetic variation.

30
Q

What does Lipoprotein A contain?

A

APO - A and APO - B.

31
Q

What are high levels of Lipoprotein A associated with?

A

Atherosclerosis -> due to these lipoproteins depositing in the blood vessels when in high quantity.

32
Q

What substance do LDL receptors recognise on LDL?

A

Apoprotein B100.

33
Q

What is the link between LDL receptors and cholesterol levels?

A

The HIGHER the levels of LDL receptors -> the LOWER the levels of cholesterol.

34
Q

What happens when the LDL binds to the receptor?

A

Receptor is ENDOCYTOSED.
LDL is removed for usage in the cell.
Receptor is RECYCLED back to the membrane.

35
Q

Why does the condition familial hypercholesterolaemia occur?

A

There is either a reduction // defect in the LDL receptors.

36
Q

What is PCSK9?

A

It is a proprotein convertase = Activates OTHER proteins.

37
Q

Where does PCSK9 circulate?

A

In the bloodstream.

38
Q

What happens when LDL binds to LDL - PCSK9 receptors?

A

When the LDL binds -> the receptors are endocytosed as usual but the PCSK9 presence means the LDL receptors are sent to the lysosome where it is DEGRADED.

39
Q

What is the health condition associated with high levels of PCSK9?

A

Cardiovascular Disease.

Pharmacodynamics (21 decks)

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