States of Matter and Mixtures

Question 1

Solids properties

Answer 1

Strong forces of attraction 
Regular lattice arrangement 
Keeps definite shape 
Particles don’t have much energy 
Particles only vibrate

Question 2

Liquids properties

Answer 2

Some force of attraction 
Free to move past each other
Don’t keep a definite shape but keeps volume
More energy than solid particles 
Particles constantly move

Question 3

Gases properties

Answer 3

No force of attraction 
Free to move 
Don’t keep a shape or volume
Most energy than other states of matter
Particles move randomly constantly

Question 4

How to change states of matter

Answer 4

Heating / cooling

Question 5

solid to liquid

Answer 5

melting

Question 6

liquid to solid

Answer 6

freezing

Question 7

liquid to gas

Answer 7

boiling

Question 8

gas to liquid

Answer 8

condensing

Question 9

solid to gas

Answer 9

subliming

Question 10

heating in states of matter

Answer 10

Gives energy to particles

Weakens / breaks forced of attraction

Question 11

Definition of pure

Answer 11

Contains only one element / compound

Question 12

definition of mixture

Answer 12

contains multiple elements / compounds

Question 13

Melting of mixtures

Answer 13

Gradual over a range of melting points

Question 14

Melting of pure substances

Answer 14

At sharp, specific melting point

Question 15

Simple distillation

Answer 15

Used for separating liquid from a solution

Question 16

Distillation

Answer 16

The separation of mixtures containing liquids

Question 17

Simple distillation method

Answer 17

• Put solution in distillation flask
• Connect bottom of condenser to cold tap and run cold water to keep it cool
• Heat distillation flask
• Gas will pass through condenser, cooling then condensing into liquid collected in beaker
• Rest of solution in distillation flask

Question 18

Fractional distillation

Answer 18

Used in mixture of liquids

Question 19

Fractional distillation method

Answer 19

• Put mixture in flask
• Attach fractional column above and connect condenser to column
• Gradually heat flask, different liquids will evaporate at different boiling points
• Lowest boiling point liquid will come to the top of column and will be collected first
• After first liquid is collected, increase heat until next liquid reaches top to condense

Question 20

Filtration

Answer 20

Used to separate insoluble solids from liquid

Question 21

Filtration method

Answer 21

• Place filter paper in cone shape into funnel
• Run mixture through
• Solid should be left in filter paper

Question 22

Crystallisation

Answer 22

Used to separate soluble solid from solution

Question 23

Crystallisation method

Answer 23

• Pour solution into evaporation disk and heat gently
• Once some of water has evaporated or crystals start to form, remove dish from heat and leave to cool
• Salt should form crystals as insoluble in cold, highly concentrated solution
• Filter crystals out of solution and leave them to dry

Question 24

Chromatography

Answer 24

Used to separate and identify mixture of soluble substances

Question 25

Mobile phase

Answer 25

Where molecules can move (liquid or gas)

Question 26

Stationary phase

Answer 26

Where molecules can’t move (solid or really thick liquid)

Question 27

Paper chromatography method

Answer 27

- Draw line at bottom of filter paper using pencil - Put spot of mixture on line - Put some solvent into beaker and dip bottom of paper (not spot) into solvent - Put watch glass on top of beaker to stop any solvent from evaporating away - Solvent will move up the paper and will dissolve the chemicals mixture - The chemicals will also travel up the paper and form different spots at different places on the paper - Remove paper from beaker before solvent reaches top and mark the distance the solvent travelled with pencil -

Question 28

Rf

Answer 28

Distance travelled by solute ———————————— Distance travelled by solvent

Question 29

Surface water

Answer 29

From lakes, rivers and reservoirs

Question 30

Ground water

Answer 30

From aquifers (rocks that trap water underground)

Question 31

Waste water

Answer 31

Water contaminated by human process

Question 32

Filtration in water treatment

Answer 32

Wire mesh, gravel and sand filter out solid bits e.g. twigs

Question 33

Sedimentation

Answer 33

Iron sulfate or aluminium sulfate makes fine particles clump and settle at bottom

Question 34

Chlorination

Answer 34

Chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes