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Chemistry > States of Matter and Mixtures > Flashcards

States of Matter and Mixtures Flashcards

1
Q

Solids properties

A 
Strong forces of attraction 
Regular lattice arrangement 
Keeps definite shape 
Particles don’t have much energy 
Particles only vibrate
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2
Q

Liquids properties

A 
Some force of attraction 
Free to move past each other
Don’t keep a definite shape but keeps volume
More energy than solid particles 
Particles constantly move
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3
Q

Gases properties

A 
No force of attraction 
Free to move 
Don’t keep a shape or volume
Most energy than other states of matter
Particles move randomly constantly
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4
Q

How to change states of matter

A

Heating / cooling

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5
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

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6
Q

liquid to solid

A

freezing

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7
Q

liquid to gas

A

boiling

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8
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensing

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9
Q

solid to gas

A

subliming

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10
Q

heating in states of matter

A

Gives energy to particles

Weakens / breaks forced of attraction

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11
Q

Definition of pure

A

Contains only one element / compound

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12
Q

definition of mixture

A

contains multiple elements / compounds

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13
Q

Melting of mixtures

A

Gradual over a range of melting points

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14
Q

Melting of pure substances

A

At sharp, specific melting point

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15
Q

Simple distillation

A

Used for separating liquid from a solution

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16
Q

Distillation

A

The separation of mixtures containing liquids

17
Q

Simple distillation method

A
  • Put solution in distillation flask
  • Connect bottom of condenser to cold tap and run cold water to keep it cool
  • Heat distillation flask
  • Gas will pass through condenser, cooling then condensing into liquid collected in beaker
  • Rest of solution in distillation flask
18
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Used in mixture of liquids

19
Q

Fractional distillation method

A
  • Put mixture in flask
  • Attach fractional column above and connect condenser to column
  • Gradually heat flask, different liquids will evaporate at different boiling points
  • Lowest boiling point liquid will come to the top of column and will be collected first
  • After first liquid is collected, increase heat until next liquid reaches top to condense
20
Q

Filtration

A

Used to separate insoluble solids from liquid

21
Q

Filtration method

A
  • Place filter paper in cone shape into funnel
  • Run mixture through
  • Solid should be left in filter paper
22
Q

Crystallisation

A

Used to separate soluble solid from solution

23
Q

Crystallisation method

A
  • Pour solution into evaporation disk and heat gently
  • Once some of water has evaporated or crystals start to form, remove dish from heat and leave to cool
  • Salt should form crystals as insoluble in cold, highly concentrated solution
  • Filter crystals out of solution and leave them to dry
24
Q

Chromatography

A

Used to separate and identify mixture of soluble substances

25
Q

Mobile phase

A

Where molecules can move (liquid or gas)

26
Q

Stationary phase

A

Where molecules can’t move (solid or really thick liquid)

27
Q

Paper chromatography method

A
  • Draw line at bottom of filter paper using pencil
  • Put spot of mixture on line
  • Put some solvent into beaker and dip bottom of paper (not spot) into solvent
  • Put watch glass on top of beaker to stop any solvent from evaporating away
  • Solvent will move up the paper and will dissolve the chemicals mixture
  • The chemicals will also travel up the paper and form different spots at different places on the paper
  • Remove paper from beaker before solvent reaches top and mark the distance the solvent travelled with pencil

-

28
Q

Rf

A

Distance travelled by solute
————————————
Distance travelled by solvent

29
Q

Surface water

A

From lakes, rivers and reservoirs

30
Q

Ground water

A

From aquifers (rocks that trap water underground)

31
Q

Waste water

A

Water contaminated by human process

32
Q

Filtration in water treatment

A

Wire mesh, gravel and sand filter out solid bits e.g. twigs

33
Q

Sedimentation

A

Iron sulfate or aluminium sulfate makes fine particles clump and settle at bottom

34
Q

Chlorination

A

Chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes

Chemistry (10 decks)

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