Separate Chemistry 2 Flashcards

Question

Fermentation formula

Answer 1

C6H12O6 -> yeast -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 | Glucose -> yeast -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Answer 2

Carbohydrate (from sugar cane or sugar beet) is used Yeast cells are mixed carbohydrate in clean container Mixture is sealed and stored in a warm place (ideally between 30°C - 40°C) Must have no oxygen present (oxidised ethanol turns into ethanoic acid) Alcohol concentration gets high enough to kill off yeast Distill mixture to get more concentrated alcohol

Answer 3

Fractional distillation Ethanol has lower boiling point so will evaporate before water This can then condense and be collected in a beaker while water stays as a liquid

Answer 4

Crimson red

Answer 5

Orange-red

Answer 6

Blue-green

Answer 7

Lilac (purple)

Answer 8

Clean nichrome wire loop by dipping into hydrochloric acid and rinsing with distilled water Dip wire loop into sample of metal compound Place loop in clear blue part of Bunsen burner

Answer 9

Add sodium hydroxide solution to compound | If hydroxide precipitate forms, colour correlates to metal ion in compound

Answer 10

White at first then dissolves in excess NAOH to form colourless solution

Answer 11

Green if Fe2+ | Brown if Fe3+

Answer 12

Add sodium hydroxide solution to mystery solution Hold damp red litmus paper over solution If paper turns blue, ammonia is present

Answer 13

Add nitric acid Add silver nitrate solution Check colour of precipitate

Answer 14

White (silver chloride)

Answer 15

Cream (silver bromide)

Answer 16

Yellow (silver iodide)

Answer 17

Add dilute acid Fizzes if carbonate is present (carbon dioxide) Use limewater to test for carbon dioxide

Answer 18

Add dilute hydrochloric acid to stop precipitation reactions not involving sulfate ions Add barium chloride solution If sulfate ions present, precipitate made will be white (barium sulfate)

Answer 19

If each test gave the same response, ions present wouldn’t be able to be differentiated from each other

Answer 20

Each ion produced a unique line spectrum (how to identify what ion) Intensity of measured wavelength correlates to ion’s concentration Also can be used in mixtures

Answer 21

``` Very sensitive (can detect tiniest amounts of substance) Very fast (can be automated) Very accurate (no human error) ```

Answer 22

Done because polymers are too difficult or expensive to separate and recycle Valuable land is used up as landfill sites Polymers are non-biodegradable so they will stay in landfill for thousands of years

Answer 23

Burning plastics produces a lot of heat and can be used to generate electricity Toxic gases can be released from combustion of plastics Carbon dioxide produced can contribute to global warming

Answer 24

Reduces amount of non-biodegradable waste on landfill sites Reduces emissions of greenhouse and toxic gases from burning polymers Generally uses less water and energy resources than making new plastics Reduces amount of crude oil needed to produce more plastics Germany saves money and creates jobs

Answer 25

Separating polymers can be difficult and expensive Quality of final recycled polymer reduced if polymers are mixed together Polymers can only be recycled a certain amount of times Melting down polymers can release dangerous gases

Answer 26

Put some alcohol in a spirit burner and measure mass Put 100cm3 of distilled water into a copper calorimeter Insulate calorimeter with drought excluder Place thermometer into calorimeter and cover with insulating lid Record initial temperature of water and light wick Stir water through using thermometer When temperature of water rises to 20°C, blow out spirit burner Reweigh burner and fuel Repeat with other alcohols

Answer 27

Particles 1-100 manometers across | Have different properties from the “bulk” chemical it’s made from due to a high surface area to volume ratio

Answer 28

Good catalysts (higher surface area = more collisions) Cosmetics e.g. sunscreen (don’t leave white marks on skin) Nanomedicine (tiny fullerenes can deliver drugs more easily than most particles) Lubricant Nanotubes for conducting electricity Enforcing plastics in sports equipment Silver nanoparticles added in medical equipment for antibacterial uses

Answer 29

Their effect on the body aren’t fully understood e.g. some nanoparticles don’t break down easily can cause problems e.g. lung inflammation if breathed in

Answer 30

Strong and rigid so used in water pipes

Answer 31

Light and stretchy so used for plastic bags and squeezy bottles

Answer 32

Packaging and thermal insulation

Answer 33

Plastic kettled

Answer 34

Mineral formed from weather and decomposed rock Soft when dug up so can be moulded into different shapes Hardens when fired at high temperatures Used in pottery and as a building material

Answer 35

Transparent and strong Can be moulded when hot Brittle when thin Usually made when limestone, sand and sodium carbonate are melted together

Answer 36

Things made of one material (reinforcement) embedded in another (matrix/binder) Properties depend on properties of the materials it is made from

Answer 37

Good heat and electric conductor High density Malleable Can be mixed with other elements to form alloys

Answer 38

Very adaptable (often flexible and be moulded into almost any shape) Cheaper Thermal and electrical insulators

Answer 39

Degrade and break down over time (don’t last as long) | Hard to dispose of properly

Answer 40

Electric and heat insulator Strong and hard-wearing Don’t degrade over time so they last longer

Answer 41

Brittle and stiff | Dense

Answer 42

Good conductor of heat and electricity Malleable Corrosion-resistant metals last for a very long time Less brittle (don’t shatter)

Answer 43

``` Some metals corrode easily Less brittle (likely to deform) ```

Answer 44

Can be made for specific purpose (properties purely rely on materials they are made from)

Answer 45

Much more expensive than other materials