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Chemistry > Fuels and Earth Science > Flashcards

Fuels and Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

All fractions from crude oil

A 
Gas
Petrol
Naphtha 
Kerosene 
Diesel oil
Bitumen
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2
Q

Uses of gases

A

Domestic heating

Cooking

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3
Q

Uses of petrol

A

Fuel for cars

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4
Q

Uses for naphtha

A

Dilute heavy crude oil

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5
Q

Uses for kerosene

A

Fuel for aircraft

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6
Q

Uses for diesel oil

A

Fuel for trains and some cars

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7
Q

Uses for fuel oil

A

Fuel for large ships and some power stations

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8
Q

Uses for bitumen

A

Surface roads and roofs

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9
Q

Definition of homologous series

A

Family of molecules that have same general formula and similar chemical properties

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10
Q

Why do larger molecules have bigger MP / BP?

A

There are more intermolecular forces to break so more heat energy is needed to overcome these forces

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11
Q

Properties of shorter hydrocarbons

A

Easy to ignite
Usually gas at room temperature
Lower viscosity (runnier)

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12
Q

Properties of longer hydrocarbons

A

Liquid at room temperature
Harder to ignite
Higher viscosity (thicker)

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13
Q

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen ->

carbon dioxide + water

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14
Q

Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen(deficient) ->

carbon monoxide + carbon particulates

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15
Q

Dangers of carbon monoxide

A
  • can combine with haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen circulating properly
  • lack of oxygen supply to brain can leas to fainting, coma or death
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16
Q

Dangers of carbon particulates

A
  • fine particles of carbon released into atmosphere falls down as soot
  • soot reduces air quality, dirtying buildings and worsening respiratory problems
17
Q

Dangers of sulfur dioxide

A
  • made when impurities in fossil fuels are burned
  • when mixed with clouds, this makes dilute sulfuric acid and falls as acid rain
  • acid rain causes lakes to be more acidic, harming the wildlife
  • it also kills trees, damages limestone and stone buildings and makes metal corrode
18
Q

Dangers of nitrogen oxides

A
  • made when nitrogen and oxygen react in the air (energy from combustion in cars)
  • contributes to acid rain
  • causes photochemical smog, causing breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness
19
Q

Pros of hydrogen fuel

A

Clean fuel

Renewable (comes from water)

20
Q

Cons of hydrogen fuel

A

You need a special, expensive engine

Hydrogen needs to be manufactured and uses energy from another source which has pollutants

Hydrogen is hard to store

21
Q

Definition of cracking

A

Splitting up of long chain hydrocarbons
Form of thermal decomposition
Used to gain products with more demand from larger, less demand products

22
Q

Cracking method

A
  • vaporised hydrocarbons pass over powdered catalyst
  • the hydrocarbons split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst
  • creates a shorter alkane molecule and alkene
23
Q

Phase 1 of atmosphere

A
  • there was no atmosphere
  • Earth was just a molten ball that eventually cooled to form a thin crust
  • volcanoes continued to erupt, releasing carbon dioxide, steam and methane
  • the Earth cooled down further and the water vapour condensed, forming oceans
  • there was little oxygen
24
Q

Phase 2 of atmosphere

A
  • lots of early atmosphere dissolved into the ocean
  • nitrogen was released into the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria and ammonia reacting with oxygen
  • nitrogen stayed in the atmosphere
  • green plants evolved around Earth and removed CO2 as they photosynthesised and formed oxygen
  • oxygen levels began to rise and most of CO2 is trapped in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
25
Q

Phase 3 of atmosphere

A
  • build up of oxygen killed early organisms that couldn’t handle it
  • oxygen allowed evolution of more complex organisms that used oxygen
  • oxygen (O3) created the ozone layer and blocked harmful rays from the sun, allowing more complex organisms to evolve
  • virtually no CO2 now
26
Q

Ways CO2 levels increased

A

More combustion for increased energy demand
Increased population so increased energy demand
Trees cut down for land (plants take CO2 out of atmosphere)
Volcano eruptions

27
Q

Greenhouse effect steps

A

Sun gives out electromagnetic radiation
Some EM radiation passed through the atmosphere
Shorter wavelengths are absorbed by the Earth, warming it up
Some are radiated away by the Earth as infrared
Some infrared is absorbed by greenhouse gases

  • some is reflected back to Earth by greenhouse gases
  • some is re-emitted back into space
  • if concentration of greenhouse gases increases further, the greenhouse effect will be stronger and causing more heat radiation to stay and warm up the Earth
28
Q

Ways to estimate past CO2 levels

A

Fossils
Tree rings
Gas bubbles in ice sheets

Chemistry (10 decks)

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